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Geography > Glaciation > Flashcards

Glaciation Flashcards

1
Q

ICE SHEET SCORING

A

the action of an ice Sheet / glacier in eroding the land due to englacial till

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2
Q

MORAINE - Lowland depositional landform

A

Landforms associated with deposition of angular / unsorted till from within, on top or below a glacier

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3
Q

TILL

A

Unsorted glacial sediment derived from erosion and entrainment of material by glacial movement

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4
Q

TERMINAL MORAINE

A

Snout of glacier and shows the furthest extent of the advancing glacier

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5
Q

RECESSIONAL MORAINE

A

Same characteristics as terminal moraine but does not show the furthest extent due to periods of stability allowing a second ridge to accumulate at snout of glacier

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6
Q

GROUND MORAINE

A

Subglacial till

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7
Q

LATERAL MORAINE

A

High and almost symetrical ridge formed along the outer edge of glacier and can be several meters high

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8
Q

Medial Moraine

A

Lateral moraine from two glaciers join, leaving a line of debris in the center to form a low ridge

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9
Q

DRUMLIN

A

Formed when a glacier moves over moraine in a valley as it cant entrain/erode but smooths top as it travels over. « Oval Shaped Hills»

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10
Q

DRUMLIN - Features

A

Blunt end facing upstream, gently sloping tail downstream. Usually occur in clusters on flat valley floors or lowland plains in previously glaciated regions

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11
Q

GLACIAL DEPOSITS

A
  • Unstratified
  • Unsorted (striations from plucking)
  • Angular (physical weathering + erosion)
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12
Q

FLUVIOGLACIAL DEPOSITS

A
  • Stratified (layers due to seasonal variations in sediment accumulation / meltwater discharge)
  • Sorted (meltwater loses energy)
  • Smooth / Rounded (attrition)
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13
Q

OUTWASH PLAIN

A

Largest material first as finest material travels furthest along the plain

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14
Q

ESKERS - Ice contact

A

A curvy ridge of deposited material roughly parallel to valley sides. Discontinuous hills formed by subglacial streams carrying sediments

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15
Q

KAMES - Ice contact

A

A mount of sediment deposited at the snout of a retreating glacier that form on the ice surface

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16
Q

KAME TERRACE

A

Ridge on the valley sides resulting from the infilling of a marginal glacial lake

17
Q

ERRATIC - Lowland Depositional landform

A

large boulder different to the bedrock it’s on, transported + deposited by a glacier far from origin when the glacier ice melts - give clues to origin of ice and direction of ice movement

18
Q

Till plain - Lowland Depositional Feature

A

Created by melting of a large ice sheet detached from a glacier.

Angular unsorted till is often divided into:
- Lodgement till (dropped by moving glaciers)
- ablation till (dropped by stagnant or retreating ice)

19
Q

Till fabric analysis

A

the study of the orientation and ‘plunge’ of rock fragments within a till deposit can suggest direction of ice flow at the time of deposition - studies involving 50 or more rock fragments, conducted at several localities, provide glaciologists with evidence of ice-flow patterns - especially in association with other evidence e.g. erratic and drumlin - orientation

20
Q

What is Pleistocene Glaciation?

A

Geological period from 2 million years to around 10,000 years ago. 1/3 of lands surface during , whereas currently only 10%

21
Q

Short term causes of climate change

A

• ↑ in greenhouse gases enhanced greenhouse effect (agriculture/ industry/ deforestation)

• Changes in the Earth’s reflectivity / albedo effect

• Volcanic Activity - ash clouds (colder - higher albedo) and greenhouse gases (hotter) emitted from the volcano

22
Q

Long term causes of climate change

A

• Sunspots - sun isn’t uniform in the amount of energy it releases - 11 year cycle (variations in solar output from sun)

• Milankovitch cycles

23
Q

Long term evidence of climate change … Antarctic ice cores

A

bubbles trapped in ice can be assessed for their oxygen isotopes. Ice cores show low CO2 through cool periods + high CO2 in warm periods

24
Q

Glacial trough - Lower land glacial erosional landforms

A

steep-sided, flat-bottomed, deep valleys

normally straight due to the power + inflexibility of the glaciers

abrasion through basal slip (plucking also takes place

25
Q

Ribbon lakes - Lowland glacial erosional landforms

A

deep and narrow lakes

resulting from localised over deepening of valley floor due to enhanced erosion that is caused by weaker bedrock + thicker ice (possibly from merging of tributary glacier increased ice mass) allowing increased vertical erosion

26
Q

Hanging valleys - Lower land glacial erosional landforms

A

smaller, tributary valley left ‘hanging’ above the main glacial trough, often containing a waterfall

27
Q

Truncated spurs - Lower land glacial erosional landforms

A

Areas of land rounded at the top with steep sides formed when glaciers are unable to flow around existing interlocking spurs so cut straight through them

Geography (4 decks)

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