Glacial Landscapes in the UK

Question 1

Last Ice Age

Answer 1

18,000 years ago

Question 2

Erosion: Abrasion

Answer 2

As glacier moves downhill, rocks frozen into base and sides, scrape the rock beneath, leaving scratches called striations behind

Question 3

Erosion: Plucking

Answer 3

Rocks become frozen into bottom and sides of glacier. As glacier moves downhill, it ‘plucks’ rocks frozen into glacier from ground

Question 4

Freeze-thaw weathering

Answer 4

Temp. higher at day, so snow melts and water enters cracks in rock. Temp. drops at night, so water freezes, expands, and forces rock to break eventually

Question 5

Erosion Landforms: Corrie (cirques/cwms)

Answer 5

1. Snow collects in sheltered hollow on side of mountain;
2. Air squeezed out from compact snow —> ice
3. Back wall of corrie gets steeper (freeze-thaw weathering and plucking);
4. Base of corrie gets deeper (abrasion);
5. Glacier gets heavier and moves downhill, out of hollow in circular motion (rotational slip);
6. Less erosion at from of glacier —> corrie lip;
7. After glacier melted, a lake forms —> corrie lake or tarn

Question 6

Corrie Features

Answer 6

Arêtes — narrow ridge, between two corries erode side by side;
Pyramidal Peal — three + corries erode side by side, pointed peak left

Question 7

Erosion Landforms: Truncated Spurs

Answer 7

Interlocking spurs eroded by plucking and abrasion as glacier moves through an old river valley

Question 8

Erosion Landforms: Glacial Trough

Answer 8

U-shaped from when glacier melts through truncated spur

Question 9

Erosion Landforms: Ribbon Lake

Answer 9

Sometimes glacial trough fills with water

Question 10

Erosion Landforms: Hanging Valley

Answer 10

Old tributaries left suspended

Question 11

Transportation: Bulldozing

Answer 11

Rocks and debris, found in front of glacier, are pushed downhill by sheer force of moving ice

Question 12

Transportation: Rotational Slip

Answer 12

Circular movement of ice in corrie

Question 13

Moraine

Answer 13

Any material carried or moved by glacier and deposited

Question 14

Lateral Moraine

Answer 14

Material deposited along both sides — made of weathered material fallen from valley sides above glacier

Question 15

Medial Moraine

Answer 15

Material deposited in middle of glacier — caused by lateral moraines of two glaciers when they meet

Question 16

Terminal Moraine

Answer 16

Material deposited at end of glacier

Question 17

Deposition Landforms: Erratics

Answer 17

Rocks (till) carried by glacier from an area with a different geology and deposited in a new area

Question 18

Deposition Landforms: Drumlins

Answer 18

Mounds of deposited moraine; steep side and sloping side; small or large

Question 19

Melt Water

Answer 19

As glacier melts, water carries fine material which is eventually deposited —> called glacial drift or glacial till;
Glacial outwash is sand and gravel deposited by running melt water leaving glacier;
Material is sorted: heavier particles (sand and gravel) deposited in glaciated valley, lighter particles (clay) deposited farther away from glacier and deposited in outwash plain.

Question 20

Economic Activities: Farming

Answer 20

Upper slopes of Lake District used for sheep farming. Lower slopes used for dairy and beef farming

Question 21

Economic Activities: Water Management

Answer 21

Water can be collected and stored in a dam. Used for hydroelectric power. Water transfer schemes to urban areas

Question 22

Economic Activities: Forestry

Answer 22

Covered in woodland and coniferous forest. Logged for material. Provides employment and contributes to the economy

Question 23

Economic Activities: Quarrying

Answer 23

Valuable source of rock and minerals. Easy access

Question 24

Economic Activities: Tourism

Answer 24

Major source of income in Wales, Scotland, Lake District. Opportunities for walking, cycling, sailing, kayaking

Question 25

Conflicts of Land Use: Water Management

Answer 25

Flooding mountain valleys to create dams:
+ Hydroelectric power is sustainable —> renewable energy (no carbon emissions);
+ Jobs created for locals;
- Loss of land and habitats;
Conflict between: conservation groups, local environmentalists vs company, locals

Question 26

Conflicts of Land Use: Forestry

Answer 26

+ Provides jobs (employment) for locals —> boosts local economy;
- Destroys habitats;
- Reduces biodiversity;
Conflict between: local environmentalists, conservation groups vs company, locals, (government)

Question 27

Conflicts of Land Use: Quarrying

Answer 27

Sandstone, granite, slate
\+ Job opportunities for locals;
\+ Boosts local economy;
- Noise, heavy traffic, dust;
- Eyesore for tourist sites
Conflict between: locals, tourists, conservation groups vs government, locals, company

Question 28

Conflicts of Land Use: Tourism

Answer 28

+ Major source of employment and income in rural mountainous areas;
+ Activities (skiing, snowboarding) for tourists;
- Wildlife upset
Conflict between: conservation groups, environmentalists, locals vs tourists, locals