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Geography > Glacial Landscapes > Flashcards

Glacial Landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the last ice age and how thick was the ice?

A

22,000 years ago
3km

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2
Q

What is an interglacial period?

A

A period marked by the retreat of ice to higher altitude when temperatures are warmer for a longer period of time

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3
Q

What are milankovitch cycles?

A

Eccentricity - earth moving away/towards the sun (extreme 100,000 years)
Obliguity - degree of tilt towards the sun (every 41,000 years)
Procession - the wobble (every 23,000 years)

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4
Q

How do glaciers form?

A
  • snow remains in the same area for years and slowly transforms into ice
  • new layers of snow bury the previous ones
  • compression forces the snow to recrystallise
  • these grains grow larger and d the air pockets get smaller, so density increases
  • this snow turns into firn/neve after roughly two winters
  • this takes over 100 years after this
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5
Q

What is weathering?

A

Breakdown of rocks in situ

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6
Q

What is plucking?

A

Where the glacier moves over an area of rock, freezes and rips it when the glacier continues to move forward

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7
Q

What is abrasion?

A

Where the rocks at the bottom of the glacier act like sandpaper - can cause striations

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8
Q

What are striations?

A

Sharp grooves in the rocks

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9
Q

What are the three transport processes in glaciers?

A

Subgalcial
Englacial
Supraglacial

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10
Q

What is subgalcial material?

A

Material carried underneath the ice

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11
Q

What is englacial material?

A

Material transported inside the ice

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12
Q

What is supraglacial material?

A

Material carried on the top of the glacier

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13
Q

What is sediment transported by ice called?

A

Glacial till

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14
Q

What can glacial till form?

A

Moraines

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15
Q

What is bulldozing?

A

When a glacier moves forward it can pile up sediment in front of it to create a moraine

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16
Q

What is lodgement?

A

A type of till that is spread onto the valley floor beneath the ice

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17
Q

What is ablation till?

A

Till that is dropped as the ice melts

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18
Q

What is a recessional moraine?

A

A moraine that is formed as the glacier bulldozes and retreats of periods of time

19
Q

What is a lateral moraine?

A

Sharp crested piles of till that are dropped as the moraine retreats

20
Q

What is a terminal moraine?

A

Where the glacier bulldozes the till forward at the snout

21
Q

What is a medial moraine?

A

Till building up between two glaciers in the middle

22
Q

What is a corrie?

A

Bowl shaped hollows with steep back walls and ridges

23
Q

What can sometimes be contained in a corrie?

A

A tarn

24
Q

How is a corrie formed?

A
  • snow accumulates in depressions
  • this becomes glacial ice and begins to overfill
  • plucking occurs as the ice moves downhill leaving the back wall steeper
  • freeze thaw weathering happens causing scree to be formed
  • the hollow deepens due to abrasion
  • there is less erosion at the front
  • a ricks slip is formed
  • when all of the ice melts a tarn is formed
25
Q

What are arêtes?

A

A narrow ridge formed where two corries meet back to back

26
Q

What are pyramidal peaks?

A

Where three or more corries form a single peak where the arêtes meet

27
Q

What is a glacial trough?

A

A U shaped valley formed by a glacier moving

28
Q

What is a hanging valley?

A

When river tributaries suddenly flow through exists in a gap

29
Q

What is a truncated spur?

A

A landform that occurs when a valley fills with a glacier

30
Q

Why do ribbon lakes form?

A

Different rates of erosion occur so some parts of the valley floor have deepened

31
Q

What is a ground moraine?

A

Moraine spread all over the ground formed when a glacier retreats up a valley

32
Q

What a drumlins?

A

Egg shaped hills composed of mounds of till

33
Q

How is a drumlin formed?

A

Material is deposited underneath the glacier as a ground moraine
This is sculpted by further ice movements
You can tell this by the shape of it

34
Q

What are the two ends of drumlins called?

A

Blunted end
Tapered end

35
Q

How are glacial erratics formed?

A

They fall off of a cliff due to freeze thaw weathering
It is then transported by supraglacial transport
Once the glacier begins to melt and retreat it is deposited

36
Q

What is honister pass?

A

A slate mine which is now closed down
Only working slate mine in England

37
Q

How much slate does the uk import?

A

20% of the worlds slate

38
Q

What are examples of forestry in the Lake District?

A

Ennerdale water
Spruce trees are invasive and are taking over
Planting 1/2 million native trees

39
Q

How many tourists does the Lake District get?

A

20 million a year

40
Q

How many houses in the Lake District are lived in all year round?

A

2/28

41
Q

What are examples of tourism in the Lake District?

A

Scaffel pike
Lake Windermere is uks largest lake
Hiking, cycling and nature watching
Shops, hotels, tourist attractions

42
Q

What is farming like in the Lake District?

A

Widespread sheep grazing
Primarily hay or silage crops
Specialist farming (highland beef, cattle and deer)

43
Q

What is forestry like in the Lake District?

A

Mostly involves conifer plantations
Fast growing trues suited to harsh climates
Used to proved wood for furniture

44
Q

What is quarrying like in the Lake District?

A

13 acting quarries
Slate used for roofing

Geography (7 decks)

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