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Phg 202 > GIT Secretion > Flashcards

GIT Secretion Flashcards

1
Q

List the salivary glands

A

parotid

Sublingual

Submandibular

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2
Q

How much saliva is produced by day and at what rate

A

we secrete about 1.5L daily (0.5ml/min)

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3
Q

Types of salivary secretion and their major component

A

2maint types of secretion: serous(alpha amylase /ptyalin) and mucous(mucin)

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4
Q

Ph of saliva is ???

A

ph is 7-7.5

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5
Q

Greatest salivary secretion occurs when———

A

When we are eating

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6
Q

The largest salivary gland is——

The smallest salivary gland is——-

A

Parotid

Sublingual

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7
Q

Which salivary gland is the size of a walnut

A

Submandibular gland

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8
Q

Parotid gland produces - type of secretion
Sublingual gland produces - type of secretion
Submandibular gland produces - type of secretion

A

Serous
Mucous
Mixed

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9
Q

Location of the following glands
Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular

A

Beneath and around the ear
Under the tongue
Under the jaws

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10
Q

Papilla duct of the parotid gland opens at the ——

A

Opposite the upper second molar

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11
Q

List the digestive enzymes in the saliva , what they act on, where they work , and their origin

A

alpha amylase produced by parotid and submandibular and lingual lipase produced by von ebner’s glands of the tongue

Amylase-carbs; lipase-fat

Amylase-mouth; lipase-stomach

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12
Q

List the bactericidal enzymes

A

thiocynate and proteolytic enzyme

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13
Q

The bactericidal enzymes are gotten from ——-

A

Lysosomes

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14
Q

List 3 things in the saliva with anti microbial actions

A

WBC,IgA, opsonins

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15
Q

Saliva supports coagulation by——

A

secreting PAF

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16
Q

PAF stands for —-

A

Platelet activating factor

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17
Q

Salivary secretion contains —- protein that binds to——- that your body needs to prevent——-

A

R protein

vitamin B12

degradation of B12

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18
Q

What is halitosis

A

Bad breath

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19
Q

Salivary secretion undergoes — stages

Mention.

A

2

Primary and secondary

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20
Q

Effect of parasympathetic nerves on blood flow to the salivary glands

A

para increases blood flow to the acini that increases the production of saliva

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21
Q

At primary level of salivary secretion , this saliva is similar to——-. They are —- in terms of osomolarity

A

plasma

Isoosmotic

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22
Q

Primary salivary secretion is secreted at the ——of the glands

A

blind end of the ducts (in the acini)

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23
Q

Secondary modification of salivary secretion occurs in the ——- of the glands

A

Intercalated duct/ductal cells

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24
Q

Level of modification of salivary secretion is dependent on——-

A

the level of modification is dependent on the rate of flow of the saliva through the duct

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25
Q

What are the modifications made in the intercalated ducts

A

Rebasorption of Na , Cl

Secretion of K,Hco3-

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26
Q

Effect of high flow rate on secondary modification

A

Less modification

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27
Q

Effect of high flow rate on Hco3- modification

A

High flow rate = more Hco3- in the saliva

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28
Q

———- contract to eject saliva into the mouth

A

myoepithelial cells

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29
Q

The ducts of salivary glands;striated or non-striated

A

Striated

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30
Q

IrRegardless of the flow rate , saliva is ——- to plasma

A

Hypotonic

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31
Q

When is lingual lipase added to the saliva

A

When the saliva enters the mouth

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32
Q

What and where is R protein cleaved from vit B12

A

Duodenum

Pancreatic proteases

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33
Q

Which parasympathetic nerves is salivary secretion dependent on—-

A

para Cn9-glossopharyngeal and Cn7-facial

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34
Q

If the parasympathetic nerves are severed, salivary secretion would—— and the glands would——-

A

Decrease

Atrophy

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35
Q

Effect of sympathetic nerves on blood flow to the salivary glands and effect on myoepithelial cells

A

Reduces blood flow

Contracts the cells to release preformed saliva

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36
Q

Salivary center is in the ——

A

Brainstem

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37
Q 
Effects of the following on salivary secretion :
Sleep
Nausea
Dehydration 
Esophageal distension
Chewy food
Drugs
Chemotherapy 
Aging
Sweet foods
Bitter flood
A 
Reduced
Increased 
Reduced
Increased
Increased
Reduced
Reduced
Reduced
Increased
Increased
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38
Q

Describe xerostomia

A

Dry mouth

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39
Q

Drugs that can be used to increase flow rate are called —-

A

Sialogogue

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40
Q

Describe Sialorrhea

A

In Sialorrhea, the flow of saliva is very very high

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41
Q

Sialorrhea should not be mistaken for —-

A

Do not mistake this for increased salivation/drooling in infants.

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42
Q

What is used to diagnose hyper secretion of saliva

A

quantities sialometry

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43
Q

Describe drooling

A

the flow of saliva is normal or reduced but the handling of the saliva is what is disturbed

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44
Q

How much gastric juice is secreted daily

A

2-3L

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45
Q

Gastric glands are compound branches tubular glands

T/F

A

F. They are simple branched tubular glands

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46
Q

Gastric juice + ingested food = —-

A

Chyme

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47
Q

superficial epithelial cells formed from—— cells in the pit that migrate to the——- and are called ——that secrete——-

A

undifferentiated

surface

surface mucous cells

mucous and HCo3-.

48
Q

SURAFCE mucous cells are replaced and produced how often?

A

Every day

49
Q

parietal cells secret——-

Chief cells secrete——

A

hcl and intrinsic factor

pepsinogen and gastric lipase

50
Q

OXYNTIC glands Are located in the—— stomach

A

fundus or body of

51
Q

Cells in oxyntic glands are——???

A

parietal/oxyntic cells

  • peptic/chief cells
  • mucus cells
52
Q

PYLORIC glands are located in the ———-of stomach

A

antrum or pylorus

53
Q

Pyloric glands have —— cells that secrete ——-

A

G cells that secrete gastrin

54
Q

——prevent back flow of hydrogen ion from the lumen

A

tight junctions

55
Q

H secretion against the gradient is possible by ——-pump

A

hydrogen ion /proton

56
Q

The rate limiting step in hydrogen secretion is —-?

A

Pumping of hydrogen by proton pump

57
Q

What pumps chloride from the plasma into the cells?

A

bicarbonate-chloride exchanger

58
Q

Mention drugs that can be used to reduce HCL production

A

Omeprazole, atropine, hydrogen blockers, cinetidine etc

59
Q

In cephalic phase of gastric secretion, sensory inputs from eyes,nose,etc, goes to —— then —— then —— and finally ——-

A

Cerebral cortex
Amygdala/hypothalamus
Vagus nerve
Stomach

60
Q

Cephalic phase of gastric secretion occurs ———- into the mouth

A

Before food enters into the mouth

61
Q

Cephalic phase of gastric secretion Accounts for —-% of the total secretion

A

10%

62
Q

Gastric phase of gastric secretion is intiated by ——

A

initiated by presence of food in the stomach

63
Q

Intestinal phase of gastric secretion is initiated by ——-

A

presence of protein digestion products in the duodenum

64
Q

Intestinal phase of gastric secretion is inhibited by ——

A

presence of fat, carbs, and acid in the duodenum

65
Q

Effect of CCK and GIP on acid secretion

A

intestinal hormones like CCK and GIP inhibit the acid’s secretion

66
Q

How does caffeine affect the proton pump

A

increases the activity of the proton pump

67
Q

Effect of caffeine and alcohol on acid secretion

A

Increase it

68
Q

Effect of stress on acid secretion

A

stress: not fully understood but it appears to increase acid secretion

69
Q

Effect of somatostatin on acid secretion

A

somatostatin inhibit

70
Q

How much pancreatic juice is produced in a day

A

about 1.5L/day

71
Q

———— produce the digestive enzymes component of the pancreatic juice

A

zymogen granules

72
Q

Effect of vagovagal reflex of distended antrum on pancreatic secretion

A

Reduces it

73
Q

Active forms of CCK are ???

A

CCK-8 and CCK -33

74
Q

First hormone to ever be discovered is —-?

A

Secretin

75
Q

Bile is produced by —?

A

Hepatocytes

76
Q

Bile is secreted by the—- but stored and concentrated in the—— especially during the—— and I released into the duodenum during the —-

A

liver

gall bladder

interdigestive period

Digestive period

77
Q

How much bile is secreted in a day

A

about 250-1100 ml of bile is secreted daily

78
Q

List the bile pigments

A

: bilirubin, bilverdin

79
Q

Function of Bile pigments

A

Responsible for the golden yellow color of bile.

80
Q

Build up of bile pigments in the blood leads to —-?

A

Jaundice

81
Q

The primary phospholipid in bile is ——?

A

Lecithin

82
Q

List the bile acids

A

Secondary deoxycholic and lithicholic acid

Primary trihydroxycholic and dihydroxychenodeoxycholic acid

83
Q

How much intestinal juice is secreted daily

A

2L/day

84
Q

Example of NSAIDs

A

Aspirin

85
Q

2 factors that cause ulcer

A

NSAIDS, and helicobacter pylori

86
Q

H.pylori:

It’s stain and shape ???

A

Gram negative and spiral shaped

87
Q

How does Hpylori protect itself in the acidic environment

A

Secretes urease that Converts urea to ammonium ion

88
Q

Effect of prostaglandins on intestinal and gastric mucosa

A

They protect the mucosa by stimulating production of mucous and bicarbonate and increasing blood flow

89
Q

—— suppresses the synthesis of prostaglandins

A

NSAIDs

90
Q

Gastronomas are usually pancreatic or gastric?

A

Pancreatic

91
Q

Describe a gastrinoma

A

are tumors (usually pancreatic ) that secrete gastrin but without the feedback systems that control gastrin secretions

92
Q

__ cells produce the initial saliva and ——- cells modify it

A

Acinar

Ductal

93
Q

maximal blood flow to the salivary glands is ——-the blood flow to exercising skeletal muscle!

A

more than 10 times

94
Q

Ductal cells are permeable to water

T/F

A

F

95
Q

In which sceretions can kalikrein be found???

A

Salivary secretion

96
Q

Function of kalikrein

A

Kallikrein is an enzyme that cleaves high-molecular-weight kininogen into bradykinin, a potent vasodilator. During periods of high-salivary gland activity, kallikrein is secreted and produces bradykinin.

97
Q

Ach from parasympathetic INNERVATION in salivary secretion binds to which receptors

A

Muscarinic receptors

98
Q

Salivary secretion is exclusively under which mechanism??

A

Neural

99
Q

Sympathetic INNERVATION of the salivary glands is from —— and it’s NT binds to —- receptors

A

T1-T3

Beta adrenergic receptors

100
Q

What is the only essential component of the gastric juice

A

Intrinsic factor

101
Q

Which has deeper pits.

Oxyntic or pyloric glands

A

Pyloric glands

102
Q

The 2 mechanisms involved in the cephalic phase of gastric secretion are—-

A

Vagus-parietal cell

Vagus-gastrin-parietal cell

103
Q

The 4 mechanisms involved in the gastric phase of gastric secretion are—-

A

Vagus-parietal
Vagus -gastrin -parietal
Local reflex-gastrin-parietal cell
Gastrin-parietal cell

104
Q

———secrete the aqueous HCO3 containing component of the pancreatic secretion.

A

The centroacinar and ductal cells

105
Q

In pancreatic secretion, At the lowest flow rates, HCO3− —- and Cl− is—-.

A

is lowest

highest

106
Q

For pancreatic secretion:
For cephalic phase,- is mainly secreted

For gastric phase,- is mainly secreted

For intestinal phase,- is mainly secreted

A

Enzymatic secretion

Enzymatic secretion

Enzymatic secretion and aqueous secretion

107
Q

Which is more common, gastric or duodenal ulcers

A

Duodenal ulcers

108
Q

The organic constituents of bile are ???

And in what percentages

A 
Bile salts 50
Bile pigment 2
Cholesterol 4
Phospholipids 40
Electrolytes
Water
109
Q

Bile acids+ —- = bile salts

A

amino acids glycine or taurine

110
Q

Bilverdin is reduced to —-

A

Bilirubin

111
Q

Bilirubin attaches to——- and is carried to—-

A

albumin

liver

112
Q

———in the hepatocytes make the bilirubin water-soluble by—— it with—— and bilirubin is secreted in to the bile as——-.

A

Michrosomal enzymes

conjugating

glucoronic acid

glucoronyle

113
Q

bilirubin glucoronide is converted back to——- in the—— and then to——- by——-

A

bilirubin

intestinal lumen

urobilinogen

intestinal bacteria .

114
Q

Portion of urobilinogen goes back to——- , portion leaves through the——, and a portion is turned to——

A

liver

urine

urobilin and stercobilin

115
Q

Urobilinogen is oxidized to —- and —- which gives faeces ———

A

Urobilin and stercobilin

Give faeces its dark color

116
Q

List the vagovagals?😬

A

receptive relaxation

  • gastrin release during gastric phase of hcl secretion
  • inhibition of pancreatic secretion by stretch In antrum
  • Ach effect on CCK production

Phg 202 (4 decks)

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