GIT Secretion Flashcards
1
Q
List the salivary glands
A
parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular
2
Q
How much saliva is produced by day and at what rate
A
we secrete about 1.5L daily (0.5ml/min)
3
Q
Types of salivary secretion and their major component
A
2maint types of secretion: serous(alpha amylase /ptyalin) and mucous(mucin)
4
Q
Ph of saliva is ???
A
ph is 7-7.5
5
Q
Greatest salivary secretion occurs when———
A
When we are eating
6
Q
The largest salivary gland is——
The smallest salivary gland is——-
A
Parotid
Sublingual
7
Q
Which salivary gland is the size of a walnut
A
Submandibular gland
8
Q
Parotid gland produces - type of secretion
Sublingual gland produces - type of secretion
Submandibular gland produces - type of secretion
A
Serous
Mucous
Mixed
9
Q
Location of the following glands
Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular
A
Beneath and around the ear
Under the tongue
Under the jaws
10
Q
Papilla duct of the parotid gland opens at the ——
A
Opposite the upper second molar
11
Q
List the digestive enzymes in the saliva , what they act on, where they work , and their origin
A
alpha amylase produced by parotid and submandibular and lingual lipase produced by von ebner’s glands of the tongue
Amylase-carbs; lipase-fat
Amylase-mouth; lipase-stomach
12
Q
List the bactericidal enzymes
A
thiocynate and proteolytic enzyme
13
Q
The bactericidal enzymes are gotten from ——-
A
Lysosomes
14
Q
List 3 things in the saliva with anti microbial actions
A
WBC,IgA, opsonins
15
Q
Saliva supports coagulation by——
A
secreting PAF
16
Q
PAF stands for —-
A
Platelet activating factor
17
Q
Salivary secretion contains —- protein that binds to——- that your body needs to prevent——-
A
R protein
vitamin B12
degradation of B12
18
Q
What is halitosis
A
Bad breath
19
Q
Salivary secretion undergoes — stages
Mention.
A
2
Primary and secondary
20
Q
Effect of parasympathetic nerves on blood flow to the salivary glands
A
para increases blood flow to the acini that increases the production of saliva
21
Q
At primary level of salivary secretion , this saliva is similar to——-. They are —- in terms of osomolarity
A
plasma
Isoosmotic
22
Q
Primary salivary secretion is secreted at the ——of the glands
A
blind end of the ducts (in the acini)
23
Q
Secondary modification of salivary secretion occurs in the ——- of the glands
A
Intercalated duct/ductal cells
24
Q
Level of modification of salivary secretion is dependent on——-
A
the level of modification is dependent on the rate of flow of the saliva through the duct
25
What are the modifications made in the intercalated ducts
Rebasorption of Na , Cl
| Secretion of K,Hco3-
26
Effect of high flow rate on secondary modification
Less modification
27
Effect of high flow rate on Hco3- modification
High flow rate = more Hco3- in the saliva
28
———- contract to eject saliva into the mouth
myoepithelial cells
29
The ducts of salivary glands;striated or non-striated
Striated
30
IrRegardless of the flow rate , saliva is ——- to plasma
Hypotonic
31
When is lingual lipase added to the saliva
When the saliva enters the mouth
32
What and where is R protein cleaved from vit B12
Duodenum
Pancreatic proteases
33
Which parasympathetic nerves is salivary secretion dependent on—-
para Cn9-glossopharyngeal and Cn7-facial
34
If the parasympathetic nerves are severed, salivary secretion would—— and the glands would——-
Decrease
Atrophy
35
Effect of sympathetic nerves on blood flow to the salivary glands and effect on myoepithelial cells
Reduces blood flow
Contracts the cells to release preformed saliva
36
Salivary center is in the ——
Brainstem
37
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Effects of the following on salivary secretion :
Sleep
Nausea
Dehydration
Esophageal distension
Chewy food
Drugs
Chemotherapy
Aging
Sweet foods
Bitter flood
```
```
Reduced
Increased
Reduced
Increased
Increased
Reduced
Reduced
Reduced
Increased
Increased
```
38
Describe xerostomia
Dry mouth
39
Drugs that can be used to increase flow rate are called —-
Sialogogue
40
Describe Sialorrhea
In Sialorrhea, the flow of saliva is very very high
41
Sialorrhea should not be mistaken for —-
Do not mistake this for increased salivation/drooling in infants.
42
What is used to diagnose hyper secretion of saliva
quantities sialometry
43
Describe drooling
the flow of saliva is normal or reduced but the handling of the saliva is what is disturbed
44
How much gastric juice is secreted daily
2-3L
45
Gastric glands are compound branches tubular glands
| T/F
F. They are simple branched tubular glands
46
Gastric juice + ingested food = —-
Chyme
47
superficial epithelial cells formed from—— cells in the pit that migrate to the——- and are called ——that secrete——-
undifferentiated
surface
surface mucous cells
mucous and HCo3-.
48
SURAFCE mucous cells are replaced and produced how often?
Every day
49
parietal cells secret——-
| Chief cells secrete——
hcl and intrinsic factor
pepsinogen and gastric lipase
50
OXYNTIC glands Are located in the—— stomach
fundus or body of
51
Cells in oxyntic glands are——???
parietal/oxyntic cells
- peptic/chief cells
- mucus cells
52
PYLORIC glands are located in the ———-of stomach
antrum or pylorus
53
Pyloric glands have —— cells that secrete ——-
G cells that secrete gastrin
54
——prevent back flow of hydrogen ion from the lumen
tight junctions
55
H secretion against the gradient is possible by ——-pump
hydrogen ion /proton
56
The rate limiting step in hydrogen secretion is —-?
Pumping of hydrogen by proton pump
57
What pumps chloride from the plasma into the cells?
bicarbonate-chloride exchanger
58
Mention drugs that can be used to reduce HCL production
Omeprazole, atropine, hydrogen blockers, cinetidine etc
59
In cephalic phase of gastric secretion, sensory inputs from eyes,nose,etc, goes to —— then —— then —— and finally ——-
Cerebral cortex
Amygdala/hypothalamus
Vagus nerve
Stomach
60
Cephalic phase of gastric secretion occurs ———- into the mouth
Before food enters into the mouth
61
Cephalic phase of gastric secretion Accounts for —-% of the total secretion
10%
62
Gastric phase of gastric secretion is intiated by ——
initiated by presence of food in the stomach
63
Intestinal phase of gastric secretion is initiated by ——-
presence of protein digestion products in the duodenum
64
Intestinal phase of gastric secretion is inhibited by ——
presence of fat, carbs, and acid in the duodenum
65
Effect of CCK and GIP on acid secretion
intestinal hormones like CCK and GIP inhibit the acid’s secretion
66
How does caffeine affect the proton pump
increases the activity of the proton pump
67
Effect of caffeine and alcohol on acid secretion
Increase it
68
Effect of stress on acid secretion
stress: not fully understood but it appears to increase acid secretion
69
Effect of somatostatin on acid secretion
somatostatin inhibit
70
How much pancreatic juice is produced in a day
about 1.5L/day
71
———— produce the digestive enzymes component of the pancreatic juice
zymogen granules
72
Effect of vagovagal reflex of distended antrum on pancreatic secretion
Reduces it
73
Active forms of CCK are ???
CCK-8 and CCK -33
74
First hormone to ever be discovered is —-?
Secretin
75
Bile is produced by —?
Hepatocytes
76
Bile is secreted by the—- but stored and concentrated in the—— especially during the—— and I released into the duodenum during the —-
liver
gall bladder
interdigestive period
Digestive period
77
How much bile is secreted in a day
about 250-1100 ml of bile is secreted daily
78
List the bile pigments
: bilirubin, bilverdin
79
Function of Bile pigments
Responsible for the golden yellow color of bile.
80
Build up of bile pigments in the blood leads to —-?
Jaundice
81
The primary phospholipid in bile is ——?
Lecithin
82
List the bile acids
Secondary deoxycholic and lithicholic acid
| Primary trihydroxycholic and dihydroxychenodeoxycholic acid
83
How much intestinal juice is secreted daily
2L/day
84
Example of NSAIDs
Aspirin
85
2 factors that cause ulcer
NSAIDS, and helicobacter pylori
86
H.pylori:
| It’s stain and shape ???
Gram negative and spiral shaped
87
How does Hpylori protect itself in the acidic environment
Secretes urease that Converts urea to ammonium ion
88
Effect of prostaglandins on intestinal and gastric mucosa
They protect the mucosa by stimulating production of mucous and bicarbonate and increasing blood flow
89
—— suppresses the synthesis of prostaglandins
NSAIDs
90
Gastronomas are usually pancreatic or gastric?
Pancreatic
91
Describe a gastrinoma
are tumors (usually pancreatic ) that secrete gastrin but without the feedback systems that control gastrin secretions
92
__ cells produce the initial saliva and ——- cells modify it
Acinar
| Ductal
93
maximal blood flow to the salivary glands is ——-the blood flow to exercising skeletal muscle!
more than 10 times
94
Ductal cells are permeable to water
| T/F
F
95
In which sceretions can kalikrein be found???
Salivary secretion
96
Function of kalikrein
Kallikrein is an enzyme that cleaves high-molecular-weight kininogen into bradykinin, a potent vasodilator. During periods of high-salivary gland activity, kallikrein is secreted and produces bradykinin.
97
Ach from parasympathetic INNERVATION in salivary secretion binds to which receptors
Muscarinic receptors
98
Salivary secretion is exclusively under which mechanism??
Neural
99
Sympathetic INNERVATION of the salivary glands is from —— and it’s NT binds to —- receptors
T1-T3
Beta adrenergic receptors
100
What is the only essential component of the gastric juice
Intrinsic factor
101
Which has deeper pits.
| Oxyntic or pyloric glands
Pyloric glands
102
The 2 mechanisms involved in the cephalic phase of gastric secretion are—-
Vagus-parietal cell
| Vagus-gastrin-parietal cell
103
The 4 mechanisms involved in the gastric phase of gastric secretion are—-
Vagus-parietal
Vagus -gastrin -parietal
Local reflex-gastrin-parietal cell
Gastrin-parietal cell
104
———secrete the aqueous HCO3 containing component of the pancreatic secretion.
The centroacinar and ductal cells
105
In pancreatic secretion, At the lowest flow rates, HCO3− —- and Cl− is—-.
is lowest
highest
106
For pancreatic secretion:
For cephalic phase,- is mainly secreted
For gastric phase,- is mainly secreted
For intestinal phase,- is mainly secreted
Enzymatic secretion
Enzymatic secretion
Enzymatic secretion and aqueous secretion
107
Which is more common, gastric or duodenal ulcers
Duodenal ulcers
108
The organic constituents of bile are ???
| And in what percentages
```
Bile salts 50
Bile pigment 2
Cholesterol 4
Phospholipids 40
Electrolytes
Water
```
109
Bile acids+ —- = bile salts
amino acids glycine or taurine
110
Bilverdin is reduced to —-
Bilirubin
111
Bilirubin attaches to——- and is carried to—-
albumin
liver
112
———in the hepatocytes make the bilirubin water-soluble by—— it with—— and bilirubin is secreted in to the bile as——-.
Michrosomal enzymes
conjugating
glucoronic acid
glucoronyle
113
bilirubin glucoronide is converted back to——- in the—— and then to——- by——-
bilirubin
intestinal lumen
urobilinogen
intestinal bacteria .
114
Portion of urobilinogen goes back to——- , portion leaves through the——, and a portion is turned to——
liver
urine
urobilin and stercobilin
115
Urobilinogen is oxidized to —- and —- which gives faeces ———
Urobilin and stercobilin
Give faeces its dark color
116
List the vagovagals?😬
receptive relaxation
- gastrin release during gastric phase of hcl secretion
- inhibition of pancreatic secretion by stretch In antrum
- Ach effect on CCK production
