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Phg 202 > GIT digestion > Flashcards

GIT digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Primary site for digestion and absorption of food is —-?

A

Small intestine

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2
Q

Length of small intestine

A

About 6 meters

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3
Q

Mucous membranes of SI are covered by ——

A

Intestinal villi

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4
Q

Height and diameter of an intestinal villi

A

H:about 1mm
D: less than 1mm

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5
Q

Villi is lined by ———- cells which are called ——- and give rise to ———

A

Columnar cells
Enterocytes
Microvilli

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6
Q

Within each villus there is a central channel called ———which opens into ——— vessels

A

Lacteals

Lymphatic vessels

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7
Q

Enterochromaffin cells are also called ——-

A

Argentaffin cells

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8
Q

Function of Enterochromaffin cells

A

To secrete intrinsic factor

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9
Q

Function of goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus

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10
Q

Function of paneth cells

A

Secrete cytokinins called defensins

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11
Q

Brunners glands are found on the —- part of the —-

A

First part

Duodenum

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12
Q

Brunners glands secrete - and -

A

Mucous and enzymes

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13
Q

The major types of carbs found in diet are??

A

Starches
Sucrose
Lactose

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14
Q

Carbs digestion begins in the ——- by ——— enzyme

A

Mouth

Alpha amylase

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15
Q

——- breaks ——— linkages of ———in the mouth to create smaller ———saccharides

A

Alpha amylase

1,4 linkages

Starch

Oligosaccharrides

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16
Q

Alpha amylase is inactivated by —— in the ——-

A

Acidic ph

Stomach

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17
Q

What digests carbs in the stomach?

A

Nothing

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18
Q

——- continues the digestion of starch in the small intestine to produce more —- and ——-

A

Pancreatic amylase

Maltose
Isomaltose

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19
Q

——- gotten from ——— breaks disaccharides into———

A

Brush border saccharridases

Brush border of small intestine

Monosaccharides

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20
Q

—— breaks maltose into ——-
—— breaks isonaltose into ——-
——- breaks sucrose into ——-
——- breaks lactose into ——-

A

Maltase -glucose
IsoMaltase- glucose
Sucrase- glucose and fructose
Lactase- glucose and galactase

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21
Q

Out of the common end products of carbs digestion in the gut, glucose accounts for —- %while fructose and galactose account for ——%

A

80%

20%

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22
Q

List the carbs digestive enzymes contained in the enterocytes

A

Sucrase, lactase, maltase, alpha dextrinase

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23
Q

Enterocytes absorb :
Glucose through - transport
Fructose through —- transport
Galactose through —- transport

A

SGLT-1
Facilitated diffusion
SGLT-1

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24
Q

Full meaning of ORT

A

Oral rehydration therapy

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25
Q

Situations where ORT is used

A

Rehydration

As a treatment of enteric disease like cholera

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26
Q

Principle of ORT

A

SGLT-1 takes in glucose and sodium while water and chloride follow

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27
Q

—— starts the digestion of proteins in the ——— at a ph of ——-

A

Pepsin
Stomach
2-3

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28
Q

Pepsin digestive activity accounts for ——% of total protein digestion

A

10-20%

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29
Q

Pepsin break protein into _____

A

Proteases
Peptones
Polypeptides

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30
Q

Most protein digestion occurs in the ———

A

Upper small intestine

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31
Q

Peptidases are found in ——-

A

Microvilli of enterocytes

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32
Q

List the protein digestion enzymes present in the pancreatic juice , their substrate, and their products

A

Trypsin- proteoses and peptones- dipeptides , tripeptides, and polypeptides

Chymotrypsin-proteoses and peptones- dipeptides , tripeptides, and polypeptides

Carboxypeptidase A and B-dipeptides , tripeptides, and polypeptides-amino acids

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33
Q

List the protein digestion enzymes present in the succus entericus, their substrate, and their products

A

Dipeptidases- dipeptides- amino acids
Tripeptidases- ttipeptides- amino acids

Amino peptidases-large polypeptides-amino acids

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34
Q

Places where final digestion of protein occurs

A

Intestinal lumen

Brush border of mucosal cells

Cytoplasm of mucosal cells

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35
Q

Absorption of whole proteins is by ——

A

Endocytosis

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36
Q

Absorption of small peptides is by ——

A

Endocytosis

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37
Q

Dipeptides,tripeptides, and amino acids are absorbed from the intestinal lumen by———

A

Sodium dependent cotransport

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38
Q

Which is absorbed actively, and which is absorbed passively.:
L-amino acids or D-amino acids

A

L: active

D:passive

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39
Q

L-amino acids are absorbed by - transport.

D-amino acids are absorbed by - transport

A

Sodium co transport

Facilitated diffusion

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40
Q

Relative rate of absorption of amino acids in the different sections of small intestine??

A

Rate of absorption is faster in the duodenum and JEJUNUM than ileum

41
Q

Amino acid is catabolyzed to give ——- and ——?

A

Urea and co2

42
Q

Body protein are broken down into amino acids by a process called —-?

A

Proteolysis

43
Q

Dipeptides and tripeptides are broken down to amino acids in the ——-

A

Enterocytes

44
Q

Amino acids from the cells enter the capillaries through ——

A

Facilitated diffusion

45
Q

Digestion of fats begins in the ——- by ——- secreted in the ——-

A

Stomach

Lingual lipase

Mouth

46
Q

Lingual lipase digests about —-% of the dietary fats

A

30%

47
Q

Most fat digestion occurs in the —— due to the presence of ———-

A

Intestine

Pancreatic lipase,bile salts, colipase

48
Q

Colipase is activated in the ——- by ——

A

Lumen of small intestine

Trypsin

49
Q

Pancreatic lipase breaks TAG at the —- and —— bonds to give—- and —-

A

1- and 3- bonds

Free fatty acids and 2-MAG

50
Q

Micelles are formed by——- and have a size of about ——— composing of about ——- bile salts

A

Bile salt
3-6nm

20-40 molecules of bile salts

51
Q

Bile salts are amphiteric .

T/F

A

T

52
Q

What makes the micelles stable in water??

A

Their polar groups

53
Q

Polar groups of micelles are ——vely charges

A

Negative

54
Q

The bile salts help to —— the ——- across the ——

A

Transport

MAG and FFA

Brush borders of intestinal epithelial cells

55
Q

For fats.

In the mucosal cells,most —- are converted into ——

A

MAG

TAG

56
Q

Triglycerides are also formed in the cells by ———- of fatty acids with more than—- carbon atoms

A

Re-esterification

10-12 carbon atoms

57
Q

Fate of fatty acids with less that 10or 12carbon atoms

A

Enter the portal blood from mucosal cells and transported as free fatty acids or unesterified fatty acids

58
Q

Most of the fats are absorbed in the ——part of the small intestine

A

Upper part

59
Q

The new TAG leave the mucosal cells as —— and enter the ——- to flow then empty into the ——-

A

Cyclomicrons

Thoracic lymph duct

Circulating blood

60
Q

Cyclomicrons leave the mucosal cells by ——

A

Exocytosis

61
Q

How much chyme passes into the large intestine daily

A

1500ml

62
Q

Most of water and electrolytes are absorbed in the——-

A

Large intestine

63
Q

About less that —- of fluid is excreted through feaces

A

100ml

64
Q

Most of the absorption in the large intestine occurs in which part of the colon —-?

A

Proximal colon

65
Q

Proximal colon is also called—?

A

Absorbing colon

66
Q

Distal colon is also called—-?

A

Storage colon

67
Q

Ions that are secreted and ions that are reabsorbed in the colon

A

Na and Cl are reabsorbed

Hco3- is secreted

68
Q

Equal amount of - is secreted for equal amount chloride absorbed

A

Bicarbonate

69
Q

Function of bicarbonate in the colon

A

To neutralize the acidic products of bacterial actions in the colon

70
Q

About —-liters of fluid and electrolyte are absorbed by the colon every day

A

5-8 liters

71
Q

Effect of cholera on crypts

A

Causes the to secrete about 10 or more liters of fluid every day leading to severe and sometimes lethal diarrhea

72
Q

Most common bacteria of the colon is—?

A

Colon bacilli

73
Q

Vitamins formed from bacterial activity in the the colon

A

K, B12, B1, B2

74
Q

Gases produced i the colon by bacterias

A

Co2, H2, methane

75
Q

Faces normally are -/4 water and -/4 solid matter

A

3

1

76
Q

Solid matter of faces is composed of what???…and in what percentages???

A 
30% dead bacteria
30% undigested roughage from food and dried constituents of digestive juices 
10-20% fat
10-20% inorganic matter
2-3% protein
77
Q

Brown color of faces is caused by ——

A

Stercobilin and urobilin

78
Q

Odor of fecaes is caused by ——?

A

Products of bacterial action

79
Q

Product of Bacterial action vary from one person to another .
T/F

A

T

80
Q

Product of Bacterial action is dependent on —-?

A

Colonic bacterial flora and type of food eaten

81
Q

Give 4 examples of the odoriferous products of bacterial action

A

Hydrogen sulphide
Indole
Skatole
Mercaptans

82
Q

Ca absorption is regulated by ——

A

Vitamin D and parathormone

83
Q

Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder that results in —-?

A

Damage of the mucosa and atrophy of the villi leading to impaired digestion and absorption

84
Q

Iron binds to —- in _____
And
Iron binds to —— in ——

A

Apoferritin in intestinal cell

Transferrin in blood

85
Q

Which section of the small intestine has the longest villi

A

Duodenum

86
Q

Epithelial cells of the small intestine are retrieved hope often

A

Every 3-6 days

87
Q

Trehalose is digested by —- into ——

A

Trehalase

2 glucose

88
Q

What transporter transports glucose and galactose across the basolateral membrane

A

GLUT 2

89
Q

Name of transporter of fructose.
Across apical border
Across basolateral border

A

GLUT-5

GLUT -2

90
Q

Lactose intolerance is caused by —-?

A

Lactase deficiency

91
Q

Cholesterol ester is digested by ———-enzyme into —— and ——

A

Cholesterol ester hydrolase

Cholesterol and fatty acid

92
Q

Phospholipids are digested by———enzyme into —— and ——

A

Phospholipase A2

Lysolecithin and fatty acids

93
Q

Which enzyme in fat digestion is secreted in its active form

A

Cholesterol ester hydrolase

94
Q

Do micelles enter the cell?

Do bile salts enter the cell??

A

No

No

95
Q

Average diameter of cyclomicrons are???

A

100nm

96
Q

Cyclomicrons are made up of —— and /—-

A

Phospholipids 80%

Apoproteins 20%

97
Q

Which apoprotein is essential to produce cyclomicrons

A

Apo-B

98
Q

Which tight junctions permit movement by paracellular transport. Small intestine or colon

A

Small intestine

99
Q 
How are the following absorbed.:
Fat soluble vitamins
Water soluble vitamins
Vitamins B12
Bile salt
A

Micelles
Na-dependent co transport
Intrinsic factor(in the ileum)
Na-bile salt cotransport

Phg 202 (4 decks)

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