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Phg 202 > GIT motility > Flashcards

GIT motility Flashcards

1
Q

List the 4 Steps of motility and describe them

A

Ingestion-taking food into the mouth
Mastication:chewing
Swallowing: degluttition
Peristalsis:wavelike movement through git

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2
Q

motility In the upper region is controlled directly by—-

A

CNS

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3
Q

mixing and slow propulsion is mainly controlled by —-

A

myogenic, neural, or hormonal mechanism

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4
Q

electric potentials generated in the git are unique because they have—— that are produced by——

A

slow waves

interstitial cells of cajal (ICC)

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5
Q

interstitial cells of cajal (ICC) are located where???

A

ICC is located between longitudinal and circular muscles

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6
Q

The ionic basis for the slow waves is ——

A

Na/K atpase activity

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7
Q

——acts as a pacemaker of the slow waves

A

ICC

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8
Q

Slow waves are also called—-

A

basic electrical rhythm

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9
Q

slow waves(basic electrical rhythm) can be propagated over long segments of the tracts owing thanks to ——?

A

Gap junctions

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10
Q

Area of the GIT that lack smooth muscle

A

pharynx, upper one third of esophagus and external sphincter muscle which is striated muscle

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11
Q

Chewing, voluntary or involuntary

A

Majorly voluntary

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12
Q

Swallowing reflex is initiated once food touches the——

A

posterior wall and soft palate

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13
Q

swallowing reflex is coordinated by swallowing center in——

A

medulla and lower pons

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14
Q

Swallowing involves which cranial nerves

A

5
9
10
12

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15
Q

due to the—— nerves, respiration and swallowing are closely integrated

A

vagal

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16
Q

Mention the STEPS IN SWALLOWING REFLEX

A

close nasopharynx

  • palatopharyngeal fold moves medially
  • glottis closes larynx and vocal cord
  • inhibit breathing
  • open the upper sphincter
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17
Q

Mention and describe the PHASES OF SWALLOWING

A

oral : when food touches the receptor

  • pharyngeal: when breathing is inhibited
  • oesophageal:primary peristalsis wave is generated
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18
Q

PERISTALSIS can be initiated by——

A

distension or irritation

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19
Q

Mention the Types of esophageal peristalsis waves and what initiates them

A

primary:
Initiated by swallowing

secondary:
Initiated by presence of food within the gut

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20
Q

What controls the esophageal peristaltic waves

A

Primary: vagal nerves
Secondary: INS

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21
Q

List the types of smooth muscle contractions

A

PHASIC/RHYTHMIC

TONIC

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22
Q

Define the types of smooth muscle contractions

A

Phasic: contraction followed by relaxation

Tonic: maintained contraction

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23
Q

Common Location of phasic and tonic contractions in the git

A

Phasic: found in antrum , esophagus and small intestine

Tonic: cardiac sphincter ;lower esophageal sphincter, ileocecal and internal anal sphincter

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24
Q

Causes of tonic contractions

A

caused by repetitive spike potentials

-caused by hormones or continuous entry of calcium ions

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25
Q

Relationship between Ca’s effect om tonic contractions and the smooth muscle‘s membrane potential

A

Nothing. They are not associated

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26
Q

GIT SMOOTH MUSCLE Function as a syncytium

T/F

A

T

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27
Q

A smooth muscle fiber is about —- length and —- diameter

A

200-500um in length; 2-10um in diameter

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28
Q

Types of electrical waves in smooth muscles

A

slow waves and spikes

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29
Q

mV range of slow waves is

A

-70 and -80mV

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30
Q

Slow waves cause contraction and AP

T/F

A

F

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31
Q

Threshold for smooth muscle is —-

A

-40mV

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32
Q

slow waves are depolarized due to influx of—— through—— channels

A

calcium ions

voltage-gated

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33
Q

The calcium binds to what ——-

A

Calmodulin

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34
Q 
Frequency of slow waves in :
Stomach 
Ileum
Duodenum 
Proximal colon
Distal colon
A 
3/min
10/min
12/min
3/hour ; 11/min
10/hour; 17/min
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35
Q

Chewing reflex center is coordinated in the —-

A

Brainstem

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36
Q

Describe achalasia

A

loss of ENS in the lower part of esophagus

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37
Q

Achalasia always involves——

A

lower esophageal sphincter

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38
Q

Achalasia. Common or uncommon

A

Uncommon

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39
Q

What causes Achalasia

A

No clue

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40
Q

Treatments of achalasia are??

A
  • intervention with nitrites or calcium channel blockers like Isosorbide dinitrite and (nifedipine and Verapamil) respectively are used but with little efficacy
  • primary treatment is by balloon dilation of cutting up the sphincter called oesophagomyotomy
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41
Q

Negative side effect of oesophagomyotomy

A

allows gastric reflux

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42
Q

List the 3 main functions of gastric motility

A

Storage
Mixing
Emptying

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43
Q

Storage in the stomach is accomplished by 2 mechanism

A

Receptive relaxation

Accommodation

44
Q

During storage in the stomach —— enlarges

A

Fundus(orad ) region

45
Q

Mixing occurs in the —-region

A

occurs in caudal region like body and antrum

46
Q

Mixing results from——

A

peristaltic waves /contraction

47
Q

Slow waves in the stomach are due to change in membrane potential from -mV to -mV

A

30-60mV

48
Q

Velocity of BER is more in the body or antrum of the stomach

A

Antrum

49
Q

—— sphincter ensures a thorough mixing before emptying

A

pyloric

50
Q

Gastric emptying usually takes how long

A

3-4hours after eating

51
Q

During INTESTINAL MOTILITY , chyme is mixed with ——

A

Intestinal juice and bile

52
Q

INTESTINAL MOTILITY propels chyme from —— to——-

A

duodenum

colon

53
Q

Types of movements associated with intestinal motility

A

Segmentation : alternate contraction and relaxation

Peristalsis

Migrating motor complex

54
Q

Migrating motor complex spread over the intestine during the ——- every —— and lasts for ——-

A

Interdigestive state

60-90min for 10sec

55
Q

Which hormones reduces the amplitude of slow waves in the intestine

A

Secretin and glucagon

56
Q

Which hormones increase the amplitude of slow waves in the intestine

A

Insulin, CCK, gastrin, motilin , serotonin

57
Q

Which hormone controls the migrating motor complex

A

Motilin

58
Q

What can cause peristaltic rush

A

presence of irritants can cause rapid and powerful peristalsis

59
Q

Major functions of the colon motility

A

to absorb water and electrolyte from chyme

-to store fecal matter until it can be expelled

60
Q

Types of movements in colon motility

A

Peristalsis
Haustra shuttling
Mass movement

61
Q

Receiving segment of propulsion:

Propulsive segment of propulsion:

A

Receiving: long contracts; circular relaxes
Propulsing: long relaxes; circular contracts

62
Q

HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE. Congenital or not

A

Congenital

63
Q

Describe HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE

A

loss of ENS in distal colon

-involves internal anal sphincter

64
Q

HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE always involves —— sphincter

A

internal anal sphincter

65
Q

Effect of drugs in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE

A

drugs are useless

66
Q

Effective treatment of HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE

A

-removal of the aganglionic segment usually fixes the issue

67
Q

Vomiting center is located in the——

A

medulla

68
Q
  • and - precedes vomitting
A

Salivation and retching

69
Q

during retching , contents reach ——because—-

A

the esophagus but not the mouth

of a closed lower sphincter

70
Q

Factors that can cause vomitting

A
  • presence of irritant in stomach or small intestine
  • head injury
  • abnormal stimulation of vestibula organ
71
Q

——sensed by—— in—— of brain can also lead to vomitting

A

systemic irritant

chemoreceptor trigger zone

fourth ventricle

72
Q

DIARRHOEA occurs when ———through the colon

A

chyme and faecal matter move too quickly

73
Q

DIARRHOEA can be due to——- or just——-

A

irritation of the lower git or a disease

nervous stress

74
Q

Types of diarrhea

A

Osmotic and secretory

75
Q

The most common type of diarrhea is ——-

A

Osmotic diarrhea

76
Q

Gap junctions are —- resistance pathways

A

Low

77
Q

Depolarization phase of slow waves is by -influx
Plateau phase is by - influx
Repolarization phase is by -efflux

A

Ca
Ca
K

78
Q

Chewing reflex center is in the—-

A

Brainstem

79
Q

Swallowing is accelerated by gravity

T/F

A

T

80
Q

Layers of the stomach

A

Outer long
Middle circ
Inner oblique

81
Q

Which has thicker walls?

Orad or caudad region of the stomach

A

Caudad

82
Q

Vagotomy aids receptive relaxation.

T/F

A

F

83
Q

Contractions in the stomach increase in strength as they approach the ——

A

Pylorus

84
Q

_ is the movement of chyme back from the pylorus to the body of the stomach and back ..to and from

A

Retropulsion

85
Q

To enter the duodenum, solids must be reduced to particles of—— or less

A

1 mm3

86
Q

Effect of enkephalins and neuropeptides Y in GIT

A

Opiates: contraction of smooth muscle and decease intestinal secretion

Neuropeptides:relaxation of smooth muscle and decrease intestinal secretion

87
Q

Effect of serotonin on intestinal motility

A

AIDS peristalsis

88
Q

In the colon:

Segmentation Contractions is to ——- as mass movement is to ——

A

Ascending and transverse

Transverse and descending

89
Q

Mass movements occur anywhere from——- times per day.

A

1 to 3

90
Q

List the gastrointestinal peptides classified as hormones

A

CCK
secretin
Gastrin
GIP

91
Q

Full meaning of GIP

A

Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide

92
Q

List the gastrointestinal paracrines

A

Somatostatin and histamine but histamine isn’t a peptide

93
Q

In between meals —-gastrin is secreted

During meals, ——-gastrin is secreted

A

G34

G17

94
Q

Which amino acids are the most potent for stimulating gastrin

A

Phenylalanine and tryptophan

95
Q

Actions of gastrin

A

It stimulates H+ secretion by gastric parietal cells, and (2) it stimulates growth of the gastric mucosa,

96
Q

Difference between CCKa and CCKb receptors

A

CCKA receptors are selective for CCK, while CCKB receptors are equally sensitive to CCK and gastrin.

97
Q

CCK is secreted in response to triglycerides

T/F

A

F

98
Q 
Which cells secrete the following 
Gastrin 
CCK
Secretin
GIP
Somatostatin
A 
G
I
S
K
D
99
Q

the only gastrointestinal hormone that is secreted in response to all three types of nutrients: glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids is ——?

A

Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide

100
Q

When is GIP secreted

A

Only by oral glucose.. not intravenous

101
Q

Effect of GIP on H+ secretion

A

Inhibits H+ secretion

102
Q

Function of pancreatic polypeptide

A

Inhibits pancreatic secretion of HCO3- and enzymes

103
Q

Full meaning of GLP

Function of GLP

A

Glucagon-like peptide

Stimulates insulin production

104
Q

Examples of Incretins

A

GIP

GLP

105
Q

Somatostatin is secreted in the —- and ——

A

Hypothalamus and delta cells of the pancreas

106
Q

Effect of opiates and neuropeptides on appetite

A

Anorexigenic neurons release pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and cause decreased appetite; orexigenic neurons release neuropeptide Y and cause increased appetite.

107
Q 
Effect of the following on appetite 
Leptin
Insulin
GLP-1
Ghrelin
Peptide YY
A 
Decrease 
Decrease
Decrease
Increase
Decrease

Phg 202 (4 decks)

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