GIT pathologies Flashcards
what type of hernia is medial to inferior epigastric vessels?
direct inguinal hernia
what type of hernia is lateral to inferior epigastric vessels?
indirect inguinal hernia
which structure is compressed in nutcracker syndrome?
left renal vein by SMA
what symptoms are seen in nutcracker syndrome?
- varicocele
- haematuria
- left flank and testicular pain
- nausea and vomiting
what is cryptorchidism?
undescended testis
what is the common cause of indirect inguinal hernia?
patent processus vaginalis
what causes GORD?
poor LOS closure
what does oesophageal varices indicate?
portal hypertension
what are oesophageal varices?
abnormally dilated sub-mucosal veins between anastomosis of systemic (oesophageal v.) and portal (left gastric v.) circulation
what are the risk factors of PUD?
helicobacter pylori infection
NSAID use
which type of peptic ulcer pain worsens with food?
gastric ulcer
which type of peptic ulcer is more common?
duodenal ulcer
which type of oesophageal hiatal hernia does not present with reflux?
paraoesophageal hernia
which oesophageal hiatal hernia is more common?
sliding hernia
what is portal hypertension?
portal venous system BP > systemic circulation BP
what would ruptured oesophageal varices cause?
upper GI bleed –> haematemesis, melaena
what would ruptured anorectal varices cause?
lower GI bleed –> haematochezia (passage of fresh blood through anus)
what symptoms make up Charcot’s triad?
fever, jaundice, RUQ pain
what symptoms make up Reynold’s pentad?
fever, jaundice, RUQ pain, septic shock, confusion
what is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis?
gallstones
what condition involves a build up of fluid in the tunica vaginalis?
hydrocele
Acquired metaplasia of columnar epithelium in lower oesophagus.
What condition is this?
Barrett’s oesophagus
what is achalasia?
rare oesophageal motor disorder where LOS fails to relax and there is loss of oesophageal peristalsis
what is brown granular/coffee ground vomit associated with?
peptic ulcer disease
what are the charcot’s triad and reynold’s pentad symptoms suggestive of?
ascending cholangitis
what is cullen’s sign?
discolouration around umbilicus
what is grey turner’s sign?
discolouration around flanks
what are cullen’s sign and grey turner’s sign indicative of?
acute pancreatitis
what is the most common congenital defect of GIT?
meckel’s diverticulum
what causes meckel’s diverticulum?
incomplete obliteration of vitelline duct
what is crohn’s disease?
inflammatory bowel disease typically affecting the terminal ileum but can be anywhere along the GIT
what is ulcerative colitis?
inflammatory bowel disease affecting colon only (only mucosa layer)
what causes infectious inflammatory diarrhoea?
bacteria (shigella, salmonella, E.coli, etc.)
what causes infectious non-inflammatory diarrhoea?
viruses (norwalk), parasites (giardia), bacteria pre-formed toxins
what does elevated ALP and GGT levels indicate?
cholestatic/obstructive/post-hepatic jaundice
what does elevated AST and ALT levels indicate?
intrahepatic/mixed jaundice
what does AST/ALT > 2 indicate?
alcoholic hepatitis
what is the most common cause of pre-hepatic jaundice?
haemolytic anaemia
which of the following clinical findings is not indicative of liver cirrhosis?
a) Dupuytren’s contracture
b) spider naevi
c) clubbing
d) gynaecomastia
a) dupuytren’s contracture
what condition causes compression of duodenum as it crosses the abdominal aorta?
SMA syndrome
which arteries are susceptible to injury in gastric ulcers?
left and right gastric arteries
which type of hernia protrudes despite occlusion of deep inguinal ring?
direct inguinal hernia (does not pass through deep inguinal ring)
in paraesophageal hernia, the fundus may herniate ____ (with/without) the cardia and ____ (with/without) the gastroesophageal junction shifting superiorly resulting in ____ (yes/no) reflux
without
without
no
where are gastric ulcers most commonly found?
antrum and lesser curvature of stomach
where are duodenal ulcers most commonly found?
1st part of duodenum
what is the Crigler-Najjar syndrome?
absence/decreased activity of glucuronyl transferase
which of the following is not a potential cause of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia?
a. primary liver tumours
b. tumour of tail of pancreas
c. cholelithiasis
d. pregnancy
b. tumour of tail of pancreas
(usually tumour of head of pancreas)
Pancreatitis is characterised by:
a. reduced pancreatic trypsin levels
b. steatorrhoea
c. intermittent abdominal pain
d. weight gain
b. steatorrhoea (pale, foul-smelling stools due to malabsorption)
what is the most common cause of acute appendicitis in adults?
faecolith impaction
what is the most common cause of acute appendicitis in children?
lymphoid hyperplasia
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in children is associated with ______
nephrotic syndrome
what is a risk factor of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis?
chronic liver disease (ESLD, cirrhosis)
which is the most common bacteria causing SBP?
E. coli
what are the most common causes of small bowel obstruction?
- bowel adhesions from past abdo surgeries
- incarcerated hernias
what are the most common causes of large bowel obstruction?
- malignant tumours
- volvulus
- diverticulitis
what are the 3 types of intestinal ischaemia?
- acute mesenteric ischaemia
- chronic mesenteric ischamia
- ischaemic colitis
