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Pharmacology > GIT Medicines > Flashcards

GIT Medicines Flashcards

1
Q

If an animal with vomiting and diarrhoea was presented to you, what 2 classes of drugs would you need to administer?

A

Antiemetics

Anti-diarrhoeal

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2
Q

Name 2 emetics

A
  1. Apomorphine

2. Xylazine

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3
Q

What are the 3 regions in the brain that control vomiting?

A
  1. Cerebrum (higher centre)
  2. Vomiting centre
  3. Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)
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4
Q

What 2 peripheral regions control vomiting?

A
  1. stomach

2. small intestines

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5
Q

Can cats have apomorphine?

A

No - toxic

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6
Q

What is the dominant receptor in the Higher center/cerebrum?

A

Acetylcholine receptors (also histamine H1 receptors)

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7
Q

What is the dominant receptor in the CTZ?

A

Dopamine D2 receptors
Serotonin 5HT-3 receptors
Histamine H1 receptors

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8
Q

What are the peripheral receptors ?

A

Acetylcholine M receptors
Neurokinin NK1 receptors
Serotonin 5HT-3 receptors
Histamine H1 receptors

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9
Q

What region of the brain that controls vomiting does apomorphine act on?

A

CTZ - agonist at D2 receptor

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10
Q

Which region of the brain that controls vomiting does xylazine act on?

A

CTZ - agonist at alpha 2 receptor

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11
Q

Maropitant is an antiemetic. True/False?

A

True

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12
Q

What receptor does maropitant act as an antagonist?

A

NK 1 receptors

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13
Q

Maropitant has a relatively long duration of action. True/False?

A

True - only needed to be administered once daily

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14
Q

Ondansetron, dolasetron and granisetron all target what type of receptors?

A

Serotonin 5HT3

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15
Q

Which emetic has a weak prokinetic action at the upper GIT?

A

Metoclopramide

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16
Q

Metoclopramide has a long duration of action. True/False?

A

False - short duration of action

Must be given 3x per day orally

17
Q

Metoclopramide is subject to significant hepatic first pass metabolism. True/False?

A

True

18
Q

What is the main mechanism of action of Kaolin (anti-diarrhoea drug)

A

Absorbs toxins - clay

19
Q

Bismuth salicylate is safe to use in cats. True/False?

A

False! - Salicylate is an active metabolite of aspirin which is toxic to cats (cannot metabolise)

20
Q

What is the mechanism of action for bismuth salicylate?

A

Reduces GIT secretions

Anti-inflammatory action

21
Q

Name the 3 mechanisms of action of Diphenoxylate and Loperamide

A
  1. Decreased GIT propulsive contractions
  2. Increased GI transit time
  3. Increase water retention
22
Q

Which 2 laxatives are known as emollient laxatives?

A
  1. Paraffin oil

2. Docusate sodium

23
Q

Paraffin oil ____ and _____ the faecal mass

A

Paraffin oil lubricates and softens the faecal mass

24
Q

Docusate sodium has what action on stool?

A

Surfactant action

25
Q

Which 2 laxatives have an osmotic effect and draw more fluid into the faecal mass?

A

Lactulose

Magnesium sulphate

26
Q

Lactulose and magnesium sulphate are absorbed by the GIT. True/False?

A

False - not absorbed

27
Q

Which type of laxative acts as a colonic acid sink and draws alkaline compounds to it?

A

Lactulose

28
Q

What is the action of bran and psyllium?

A

Hydrophilic fibers that causes colonic swelling and reflex peristalsis of softer stools

29
Q

What is the main medicine used to treat IBS?

A

Sulfasalazine

30
Q

What 2 appetite stimulants are often used in cats?

A

Diazepam

Cyproheptadine

31
Q

Name an osmotic laxative that is often used to treat horses with sand colic

A

Magnesium sulfate

32
Q

Misoprostol prevents gastric ulceration by which mechanism?

A

PGE analogue (decreases acid secretion)

33
Q

What is the mechanism of action of omeprazole in preventing gastric uleration?

A

Weak base

Proton pump inhibitor

34
Q

Ranitidine prevents gastric ulcers by which mechanism?

A

Histamine (H2) antagonist

35
Q

What anti-ulcer medicine requires an ulcer to work?

A

Sucralfate

36
Q

What activates sucralfate?

A

HCl

37
Q

What do antacids contain?

A

Sodium bicarb

Magnesium oxide

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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