GIT Medicines

Question 1

If an animal with vomiting and diarrhoea was presented to you, what 2 classes of drugs would you need to administer?

Answer 1

Antiemetics

Anti-diarrhoeal

Question 2

Name 2 emetics

Answer 2

1. Apomorphine

2. Xylazine

Question 3

What are the 3 regions in the brain that control vomiting?

Answer 3

1. Cerebrum (higher centre)
2. Vomiting centre
3. Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)

Question 4

What 2 peripheral regions control vomiting?

Answer 4

1. stomach

2. small intestines

Question 5

Can cats have apomorphine?

Answer 5

No - toxic

Question 6

What is the dominant receptor in the Higher center/cerebrum?

Answer 6

Acetylcholine receptors (also histamine H1 receptors)

Question 7

What is the dominant receptor in the CTZ?

Answer 7

Dopamine D2 receptors
Serotonin 5HT-3 receptors
Histamine H1 receptors

Question 8

What are the peripheral receptors ?

Answer 8

Acetylcholine M receptors
Neurokinin NK1 receptors
Serotonin 5HT-3 receptors
Histamine H1 receptors

Question 9

What region of the brain that controls vomiting does apomorphine act on?

Answer 9

CTZ - agonist at D2 receptor

Question 10

Which region of the brain that controls vomiting does xylazine act on?

Answer 10

CTZ - agonist at alpha 2 receptor

Question 11

Maropitant is an antiemetic. True/False?

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What receptor does maropitant act as an antagonist?

Answer 12

NK 1 receptors

Question 13

Maropitant has a relatively long duration of action. True/False?

Answer 13

True - only needed to be administered once daily

Question 14

Ondansetron, dolasetron and granisetron all target what type of receptors?

Answer 14

Serotonin 5HT3

Question 15

Which emetic has a weak prokinetic action at the upper GIT?

Answer 15

Metoclopramide

Question 16

Metoclopramide has a long duration of action. True/False?

Answer 16

False - short duration of action

Must be given 3x per day orally

Question 17

Metoclopramide is subject to significant hepatic first pass metabolism. True/False?

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What is the main mechanism of action of Kaolin (anti-diarrhoea drug)

Answer 18

Absorbs toxins - clay

Question 19

Bismuth salicylate is safe to use in cats. True/False?

Answer 19

False! - Salicylate is an active metabolite of aspirin which is toxic to cats (cannot metabolise)

Question 20

What is the mechanism of action for bismuth salicylate?

Answer 20

Reduces GIT secretions

Anti-inflammatory action

Question 21

Name the 3 mechanisms of action of Diphenoxylate and Loperamide

Answer 21

1. Decreased GIT propulsive contractions
2. Increased GI transit time
3. Increase water retention

Question 22

Which 2 laxatives are known as emollient laxatives?

Answer 22

1. Paraffin oil

2. Docusate sodium

Question 23

Paraffin oil ____ and _____ the faecal mass

Answer 23

Paraffin oil lubricates and softens the faecal mass

Question 24

Docusate sodium has what action on stool?

Answer 24

Surfactant action

Question 25

Which 2 laxatives have an osmotic effect and draw more fluid into the faecal mass?

Answer 25

Lactulose | Magnesium sulphate

Question 26

Lactulose and magnesium sulphate are absorbed by the GIT. True/False?

Answer 26

False - not absorbed

Question 27

Which type of laxative acts as a colonic acid sink and draws alkaline compounds to it?

Answer 27

Lactulose

Question 28

What is the action of bran and psyllium?

Answer 28

Hydrophilic fibers that causes colonic swelling and reflex peristalsis of softer stools

Question 29

What is the main medicine used to treat IBS?

Answer 29

Sulfasalazine

Question 30

What 2 appetite stimulants are often used in cats?

Answer 30

Diazepam | Cyproheptadine

Question 31

Name an osmotic laxative that is often used to treat horses with sand colic

Answer 31

Magnesium sulfate

Question 32

Misoprostol prevents gastric ulceration by which mechanism?

Answer 32

PGE analogue (decreases acid secretion)

Question 33

What is the mechanism of action of omeprazole in preventing gastric uleration?

Answer 33

Weak base | Proton pump inhibitor

Question 34

Ranitidine prevents gastric ulcers by which mechanism?

Answer 34

Histamine (H2) antagonist

Question 35

What anti-ulcer medicine requires an ulcer to work?

Answer 35

Sucralfate

Question 36

What activates sucralfate?

Answer 36

HCl

Question 37

What do antacids contain?

Answer 37

Sodium bicarb | Magnesium oxide