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Cardiovascular Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is preload?

A

Pressure exerted on the heart ventricle

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2
Q

Animals on IV fluid therapy can lead to an _____ blood volume and therefore an ______ preload

A

Animals of IV fluid therapy can lead to an increased blood volume and therefore an increased preload

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3
Q

An increased venous blood pressure will cause an ______ preload

A

An increased venous blood pressure will cause an increased preload

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4
Q

What can cause an increase in venous blood pressure?

A

Vasoconstriction

Increased blood volume

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5
Q

What happens to the blood volume when there is a reduced cardiac output in an animal?

A

Increased blood volume

Vasoconstriction

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6
Q

The ____ the preload, the _____ the heart needs to work due to increased workload

A

The higher the preload, the harder the heart needs to work due to an increased workload

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7
Q

What is afterload?

A

Pressure the heart must produce to overcome arterial pressure to open the valves and eject blood into the artery

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8
Q

An increase in arterial blood pressure will ______ afterload.

A

An increase in arterial blood pressure will increase afterload

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9
Q

Hypertension decreased afterload. True/False?

A

False - increases afterload

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10
Q

What are inotropic medicines aimed at improving?

A

Heart contractility

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11
Q

What are antiarrhythmic medicines aimed at restoring?

A

Normal heart rate and rhythm

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12
Q

What are vasodilator medicines used to reduce?

A

Peripheral resistance

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13
Q

What do diuretic medicines work to remove?

A

Fluid accumulation

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14
Q

What type of inotropic drug is pimobendan?

A

Positive inotropic

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15
Q

Although Pimobendan is an inotropic medicine, it also acts as a vasodilator. True/False?

A

True

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16
Q

What enzyme does pimobendan inhibit in the cardiac muscles?

A

Phosphodiesterase

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17
Q

What is the main +ve inotropic mechanism of pimobendan?

A

Increases sensitivity of heart contractile proteins to existing levels of intracellular calcium

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18
Q

Digoxin is a positive inotropic medicine. True/False?

A

True

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19
Q

Digoxin has a ______ therapeutic index

A

Digoxin has a narrow therapeutic index

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20
Q

What is Digoxin’s mechanism of action?

A

Inhibits the Na+K+ATPase pump in the cardiac muscles

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21
Q

Digoxin also has a negative chronotropic effect. True/False?

A

True

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22
Q

ACE inhibitors have a wide therapeutic index. True/False?

A

True

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23
Q

What does ACEI stand for?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

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24
Q

ACE inhibitors interfere with the effects of _______.

A

ACE inhibitors interfere with the effects of aldosterone

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25
ACE inhibitors stop the formation of _______
ACE inhibitors stop the formation of angiotensin II
26
ACE inhibitors decrease preload and afterload. True/False?
True
27
By inhibiting the formation of angiotensin, ACE inhibitors reduce _________
By inhibiting the formation of angiotensin, ACE inhibitors reduce vasoconstriction
28
ACE inhibitors cannot be given orally. True/False
False - safe and often given orally
29
Name 3 ACE inhibitor drugs
1. Benazepril 2. Enalapril 3. Ramipril
30
Name 2 possible side effects of ACE inhibitors.
1. Hypotension | 2. GIT symptoms
31
ACE inhibitors are use for a short term period. True/False?
False - long term/lifetime treatment
32
Calcium channel blockers have the broadest actions of al cardiovascular medicines. True/False?
True
33
What type of inotropic agent are calcium channel blockers?
Negative
34
What type of chronotropic agent are calcium channel blockers?
Negative
35
Calcium channel blockers also act as vaso_____ and are used as a________
Calcium channel blockers also act as vasodilators and are used as antiarrhythmics
36
As calcium channel blockers have a negative inotropic action they ______ heart contractility
As calcium channel blockers have a negative inotropic action, they decrease heart contractility
37
What are the 2 benefits of dilating the peripheral arteries using calcium channel blockers for animals with heart conditions (heart failure)?
1. Reduces afterload | 2. Allows peripheral blood flow and perfusion
38
What calcium channel blocker is used to treat congestive heart failure in cats?
Diltiazem
39
Name 2 possible side effects caused by calcium channel blockers
1. Hypotension | 2. Bradycardia
40
What is the main action of nitrate medicines?
Reduce preload | Vasodilators
41
Nitroglycerin is available as ______ preparations
Nitroglycerin is available as topical preparations
42
Which nitrate is subject to significant first pass metabolism?
Nitroglycerin
43
Nitroprusside is formulated as an _______ preparation
Nitroprusside is formulated as an injectable preparation
44
Which nitrate medicine should be administered at a continuous rate and requires close monitoring?
Nitroprusside
45
Isosorbide dinitrate is available as ____ formulations
Isosorbide dinitrate is available as oral formulations
46
Which nitrate is NOT allowed to be taken home?
Nitroprusside
47
Name 3 Phosphodiesterase inhibitors that are classified as vasodilators
1. Sildenafil 2. Tadalafil 3. Pimobendan
48
Name 1 alpha 1 antagonist that has a vasodilator action
Prazosin
49
What is the main action of Class 1 antiarrhythmics?
Reduce maximal rate of depolarization
50
Name 2 class one antiarrhythmics
1. Lidocaine | 2. Quinidine
51
Class 1 antiarrhythmics are ___ channel blockers
Class 1 antiarrhythmics are sodium channel blockers
52
Class II antiarrhythmics are __-______ blockers
Class 2 antiarrhythmics are beta-adrenergic blockers
53
What is the main action of Class II antiarrhythmics?
Reduce sympathetic activity on the heart
54
Name 1 Class II antiarrhythmic
Atenolol
55
What is the main action of Class III antiarrhythmics?
Prolongs refractory period
56
Class III antiarrhythmics are ___ channel blockers
Class III antiarrhythmics are potassium channel blockers
57
Name one Class III antiarrhythmic
Sotalol
58
What is the action of Class IV antiarrhythmics?
decrease conduction through the AV node, and shorten phase two (the plateau) of the cardiac action potential.
59
Class IV antiarrhythmics are _____ channel blockers
Class IV are calcium channel blockers
60
Diltiazem belongs to which class if antiarrythmic?
Class IV
61
What is the gold standard +ve inotropic medicine used for dogs with congestive heart failure?
Pimobendan
62
Cats with congestive heart failure can be what 2 catecholamines?
Dopamine | Dobutamine
63
Catecholamines undergo extensive hepatic first pass metabolism so should not be given orally. True/False?
True - IV continuous infusion

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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