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Pharmacology > Cardiovascular Drugs > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is preload?

A

Pressure exerted on the heart ventricle

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2
Q

Animals on IV fluid therapy can lead to an _____ blood volume and therefore an ______ preload

A

Animals of IV fluid therapy can lead to an increased blood volume and therefore an increased preload

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3
Q

An increased venous blood pressure will cause an ______ preload

A

An increased venous blood pressure will cause an increased preload

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4
Q

What can cause an increase in venous blood pressure?

A

Vasoconstriction

Increased blood volume

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5
Q

What happens to the blood volume when there is a reduced cardiac output in an animal?

A

Increased blood volume

Vasoconstriction

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6
Q

The ____ the preload, the _____ the heart needs to work due to increased workload

A

The higher the preload, the harder the heart needs to work due to an increased workload

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7
Q

What is afterload?

A

Pressure the heart must produce to overcome arterial pressure to open the valves and eject blood into the artery

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8
Q

An increase in arterial blood pressure will ______ afterload.

A

An increase in arterial blood pressure will increase afterload

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9
Q

Hypertension decreased afterload. True/False?

A

False - increases afterload

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10
Q

What are inotropic medicines aimed at improving?

A

Heart contractility

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11
Q

What are antiarrhythmic medicines aimed at restoring?

A

Normal heart rate and rhythm

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12
Q

What are vasodilator medicines used to reduce?

A

Peripheral resistance

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13
Q

What do diuretic medicines work to remove?

A

Fluid accumulation

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14
Q

What type of inotropic drug is pimobendan?

A

Positive inotropic

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15
Q

Although Pimobendan is an inotropic medicine, it also acts as a vasodilator. True/False?

A

True

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16
Q

What enzyme does pimobendan inhibit in the cardiac muscles?

A

Phosphodiesterase

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17
Q

What is the main +ve inotropic mechanism of pimobendan?

A

Increases sensitivity of heart contractile proteins to existing levels of intracellular calcium

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18
Q

Digoxin is a positive inotropic medicine. True/False?

A

True

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19
Q

Digoxin has a ______ therapeutic index

A

Digoxin has a narrow therapeutic index

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20
Q

What is Digoxin’s mechanism of action?

A

Inhibits the Na+K+ATPase pump in the cardiac muscles

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21
Q

Digoxin also has a negative chronotropic effect. True/False?

A

True

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22
Q

ACE inhibitors have a wide therapeutic index. True/False?

A

True

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23
Q

What does ACEI stand for?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

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24
Q

ACE inhibitors interfere with the effects of _______.

A

ACE inhibitors interfere with the effects of aldosterone

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25
Q

ACE inhibitors stop the formation of _______

A

ACE inhibitors stop the formation of angiotensin II

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26
Q

ACE inhibitors decrease preload and afterload. True/False?

A

True

27
Q

By inhibiting the formation of angiotensin, ACE inhibitors reduce _________

A

By inhibiting the formation of angiotensin, ACE inhibitors reduce vasoconstriction

28
Q

ACE inhibitors cannot be given orally. True/False

A

False - safe and often given orally

29
Q

Name 3 ACE inhibitor drugs

A
  1. Benazepril
  2. Enalapril
  3. Ramipril
30
Q

Name 2 possible side effects of ACE inhibitors.

A
  1. Hypotension

2. GIT symptoms

31
Q

ACE inhibitors are use for a short term period. True/False?

A

False - long term/lifetime treatment

32
Q

Calcium channel blockers have the broadest actions of al cardiovascular medicines. True/False?

A

True

33
Q

What type of inotropic agent are calcium channel blockers?

A

Negative

34
Q

What type of chronotropic agent are calcium channel blockers?

A

Negative

35
Q

Calcium channel blockers also act as vaso_____ and are used as a________

A

Calcium channel blockers also act as vasodilators and are used as antiarrhythmics

36
Q

As calcium channel blockers have a negative inotropic action they ______ heart contractility

A

As calcium channel blockers have a negative inotropic action, they decrease heart contractility

37
Q

What are the 2 benefits of dilating the peripheral arteries using calcium channel blockers for animals with heart conditions (heart failure)?

A
  1. Reduces afterload

2. Allows peripheral blood flow and perfusion

38
Q

What calcium channel blocker is used to treat congestive heart failure in cats?

A

Diltiazem

39
Q

Name 2 possible side effects caused by calcium channel blockers

A
  1. Hypotension

2. Bradycardia

40
Q

What is the main action of nitrate medicines?

A

Reduce preload

Vasodilators

41
Q

Nitroglycerin is available as ______ preparations

A

Nitroglycerin is available as topical preparations

42
Q

Which nitrate is subject to significant first pass metabolism?

A

Nitroglycerin

43
Q

Nitroprusside is formulated as an _______ preparation

A

Nitroprusside is formulated as an injectable preparation

44
Q

Which nitrate medicine should be administered at a continuous rate and requires close monitoring?

A

Nitroprusside

45
Q

Isosorbide dinitrate is available as ____ formulations

A

Isosorbide dinitrate is available as oral formulations

46
Q

Which nitrate is NOT allowed to be taken home?

A

Nitroprusside

47
Q

Name 3 Phosphodiesterase inhibitors that are classified as vasodilators

A
  1. Sildenafil
  2. Tadalafil
  3. Pimobendan
48
Q

Name 1 alpha 1 antagonist that has a vasodilator action

A

Prazosin

49
Q

What is the main action of Class 1 antiarrhythmics?

A

Reduce maximal rate of depolarization

50
Q

Name 2 class one antiarrhythmics

A
  1. Lidocaine

2. Quinidine

51
Q

Class 1 antiarrhythmics are ___ channel blockers

A

Class 1 antiarrhythmics are sodium channel blockers

52
Q

Class II antiarrhythmics are __-______ blockers

A

Class 2 antiarrhythmics are beta-adrenergic blockers

53
Q

What is the main action of Class II antiarrhythmics?

A

Reduce sympathetic activity on the heart

54
Q

Name 1 Class II antiarrhythmic

A

Atenolol

55
Q

What is the main action of Class III antiarrhythmics?

A

Prolongs refractory period

56
Q

Class III antiarrhythmics are ___ channel blockers

A

Class III antiarrhythmics are potassium channel blockers

57
Q

Name one Class III antiarrhythmic

A

Sotalol

58
Q

What is the action of Class IV antiarrhythmics?

A

decrease conduction through the AV node, and shorten phase two (the plateau) of the cardiac action potential.

59
Q

Class IV antiarrhythmics are _____ channel blockers

A

Class IV are calcium channel blockers

60
Q

Diltiazem belongs to which class if antiarrythmic?

A

Class IV

61
Q

What is the gold standard +ve inotropic medicine used for dogs with congestive heart failure?

A

Pimobendan

62
Q

Cats with congestive heart failure can be what 2 catecholamines?

A

Dopamine

Dobutamine

63
Q

Catecholamines undergo extensive hepatic first pass metabolism so should not be given orally. True/False?

A

True - IV continuous infusion

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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