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Small Ruminants Semester 2 > GIT > Flashcards

GIT Flashcards

1
Q

Algorithmic approach to aetiologies of abdominal signs in small ruminants

A
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2
Q

Worm egg counts

A

Faecal exam is

vital

:

o

WEC (remember need spec

ial techniques for fluke eggs)

—

consider situations were

you’d do several individual animals vs. a representative ‘bulk’ sample from the mob

‘Bulk’ WECs commonly done to

monitor a

mob

of sheep: collect 10

-

20 fresh

samples

(i.e., 1

-

2 faecal collection trays) directly

from paddock or yard

s

→

quick, easy, cheap ($20

–

25/tray)

o

Faecal

culture

(need to collect directly from rectum) can also be used, but need good

interpretation

of results:

consider w

hat is easy to culture/may be an incidental

finding vs. what is hard to cultu

re and may give false negatives

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3
Q

What is redgut?

A
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4
Q
A

Redgut

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5
Q
A

Redgut with intestinal rotation or ventral displacement of the intestines

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6
Q

Causes of sudden death in sheep

A
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7
Q

Epi and Pathogenesis of Red Gut

A
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8
Q

Clinical signs and necropsy findings in Red Gut

A
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9
Q

Treatment and control of Red Gut

A
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10
Q
A
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11
Q
A
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12
Q

Intermittent inappetance, dullness, recumbency and deaths in late pregnant ewes– receiving on and off grain ration in paddock

A
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13
Q

Mgt and prevention of ruminal acidosis?

A
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14
Q

History and risk factors of ruminal acidosis

A
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15
Q

Clinical signs and diagnosis of ruminal acidosis

A
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16
Q

Treatment and prevention of ruminal acidosis

A
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17
Q

Epi and risk factors, and clinical signs and diagnosis of shy feeders?

A
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18
Q

Management of shy feeders?

A
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19
Q

What is a key time to watch out for ruminal acidosis in sheep in intensive systems?

A
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20
Q

DDX for sudden death in sheep aside from ruminal acidosis

A
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21
Q
A
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22
Q

Shy feeders management and prevention

A
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23
Q

General guidelines for introducing animals into feedlots

A
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24
Q

May see a number of different disorders in the same mob if under stress

A
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25
Q
A
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26
Q
A

Enterotoxaemia/pulpy kidney in a 3-week-old goat kid: OK at 6 am, by 8 am vocalising,

recumbent, swollen abdomen. Treated with

finadyne

. Dead at 8:30am

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27
Q
A
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28
Q

Worm– treatment and control?

A
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29
Q

Persistent inappetance, Salmonellosis and inanitition syndrome (PSI) Epi and general

A
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30
Q

Enterotoxaemia Pathogenesis, Epi, and Diagnosis

A
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31
Q

Enterotoxaemia treatment and control?

A
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32
Q

Coccidiosis Epi, Clin signs, and diagnosis?

A
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33
Q

Treatment and control of coccidiosis?

A
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34
Q

Yersiniosis epi, clin signs, diagnosis and tx?

A
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35
Q

Production areas of sheep in AUS

A
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36
Q
A
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37
Q

Costs to the industry from parasites in sheep

A
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38
Q

Nematode life cycle main points

A
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39
Q
A
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40
Q
A
41
Q

Summar (jan- mar)

A
42
Q
A
43
Q
A
44
Q
A
45
Q

Epi in south-eastern Australia (winter rainfall)

A
46
Q

Patterns of infection- winter rainfall?

A
47
Q

Summer autumn contamination

A
48
Q

Worm egg counts of wethers in a dry summer

A
49
Q

Worm egg counts of wethers in a wet summer

A
50
Q

Patterns of infection summer rainfall

A
51
Q

Current control programs (winter rainfall)

A
  1. Test for drench resistance (every 3-4 years): WECRT or single post-drench WEC
  2. 1- or 2-strategic summer treatments: must be highly effective (combinations), variable timing of SD1- pastures drying off/ Dec, SD2 in Feb
  3. WEC Monitoring to avoid unnecessary treatments: bulk WEC, 10-20 sheep/mob, all mobs before SD2 (cut off is 25-50 epg), before SD1, weaners- after autumn break (every 4-6 weeks), ewes before lambing (need a pre-lamb drench?)
  4. Treatment of introduced sheep
  5. Grazing management (wet years, high rainfall): lower risk pastures for weaners (& maiden ewes)
  6. Nutrition: meet feed availability & CS targets for ewes, growth targets for weaners, feed protected protein, pastures containing condensed tannins
  7. Breeding for increased immunity (resistance)– rams selected for low WEC (-ve WEC EBVs)
  8. Identify risks for low refugia: drought and crops, strongly mediterranean climates
52
Q
A
53
Q

Anthelmintic resistance

A
54
Q

Efficacy of the macrocyclic lactones

A
55
Q

Risk factors for resistance

A
56
Q

Anthelmintic resistance issues

A
57
Q

Has Anthelmintic rx reduced farm productivity and profitability?

A
58
Q

Options to combat low refugia populations

A

But… caution needed:

  1. Worm ecology and control programs differ markedly between regions: amount and distribution of rainfall, length of growing season
  2. Importance of summer/autumn contamination in winter rainfall areas
  3. Differences between wool and prime lamb flocks
59
Q
A
60
Q

Estimates

of over

-summering

larval

populations in Victoria

A
61
Q

Conclusions on refugia- SE Australia

A
62
Q

preparing low risk pastures

A
63
Q

Sheep-cattle interchange

A
64
Q
A
65
Q

Effects of age and lactation on total worm counts

A
66
Q

Effect of reproduction and genotype on total worm count

A
67
Q

selection for low WEC- yearly gains accumulate to give long term control

A
68
Q

Host immunity– vaccines to nematodes?

A
69
Q

Nematophagous fungi

A
70
Q

Liver fluke epi

A
71
Q

Liver fluke control options

A
72
Q

Goat considerations with parasites

A
73
Q

Take home points sheep parasites

A
74
Q

Patterns of infection- winter rainfall

A
75
Q

nutritional strategies– parasites

A
76
Q

Resistant ewes have a lower peri-parturient rise in WEC

A
77
Q

The major problems causing diarrhoea in small ruminants

A
  1. Adult sheep
    - Yersiniosis
    - Salmonellosis
    - (OJD)
  2. Nutritional scouring- lush feed, PRG endophyte, phalaris
  3. Neonatal scouring:
    - Cryptosporidia, Giardia
    - E. coli, Rota, and Coronaviruses
78
Q
A
79
Q

Pathophysiology of diarrhoea

A
80
Q
A
81
Q
A
82
Q

Hypersensitivity scouring– winter and uniform rainfall areas

A
83
Q

Does treatment with a controlled release anthelmintic capsule prevent most dag??

A
84
Q

Low doses of worm larvae induce scouring in susceptible sheep

A
85
Q

What happens in the gut of hypersensitivity scouring sheep?

A
86
Q

Cause and diagnosis of hypersensitivity scouring

A
87
Q

Control of hypersensitivity scouring

A
88
Q

Weaner enteritis/ colitis

A
89
Q

DDX for weaner enteritis/ colitis

Diagnosis

A
90
Q

Weaner enteritis treatment

A
91
Q

Yersiniosis and risk factors

A
92
Q

Diagnosis of Yersiniosis

A
93
Q

Yersiniosis treatment

A
94
Q

Salmonellosis

A
95
Q

Treatment and control of Salmonellosis

A
96
Q

Nutritional scours

A
97
Q

Neonatal diarrhoea

A
98
Q

Relative Risk and Odd Ratio

A

Small Ruminants Semester 2 (7 decks)

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