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GIT > GIT 3 > Flashcards

GIT 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Rebound gastric acid hypersecretion when PPI and Antacids withdrawn

A

↑Gastrin → induces hypertrophy of ECL and parietal cells → over stimulation of parietal cells with hyperfunctioning of unblocked ATPase

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2
Q

All antacids cause__

A

hypokalemia

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3
Q

Aluminium hydroxide adverse effects

A 
CHOPS
constipation
Hypophosphatemia,
 Osteodystrophy, 
Proximal muscle weakness, 
Seizures
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4
Q

Octreotide: Long-acting somatostatin analog; inhibits secretion of various

A

splanchnic vasodilatory hormones

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5
Q

Sulfasalazine: A combination of ______ and _______. Activated by _______

A

sulfapyridine (antibacterial) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (anti-inflammatory).

colonic bacteria.

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6
Q

Metoclopramide promotes _____ but Does not influence _____

A

upper GI motility

colon transport time

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7
Q

Metoclopramide Drug interaction with _____ and ________

A

digoxin and diabetic agents.

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8
Q

Metoclopramide: Contraindicated in patients with __________

A 
small bowel obstruction, 
Parkinson disease (due to D2-receptor blockade),
↓seizure threshold.
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9
Q

Orlistat: MECHANISM

A

Inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipase

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10
Q

___ is sometimes used for refractory chemotherapy induced diarrhea.

A

Octreotide

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11
Q

Weight loss medications

A

Stimulants (phentermine, benzphetamine, diethylpropion)

orlistat

Bupropion/natrexone

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12
Q

Sodium polystyrene resin:

A

exchanges intraluminal sodium for potassium ion and lowers serum potassium

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13
Q

In adenomatous polyps, _____ is most important risk factor for cancer

A

polyp size
↑risk >10mm

Greatest risk when >4cm

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14
Q

Familial adenomatous polyposis
Autosomal dominant mutation of APC tumor suppressor gene on chromosome ______. Mutations lead to _____ accumulation and uncontrolled cell proliferation.

A

5q22

ß-catenin

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15
Q

In FAP ____ is always involved

A

Rectum

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16
Q

in lynch syndrome ____ is always involved

A

proximal colon

17
Q

Marker for intestinal origin of adenocarcinoma:

A

Cytokeratin 20

18
Q

Molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer

A

Chromosomal instability pathway: mutations in APC

Microsatellite instability pathway: mutations or methylation of mismatch repair genes (eg, MLH1)

19
Q

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia may occur due to congenital defect of ________

A

pleuroperitoneal membrane

20
Q

Distal esophagus is attached circumferentially to diaphragm by ______ at __________

A

phrenoesophageal membrane

gastroesophageal junction

21
Q

Bochdalek hernia is due to _____

A

failure of posterolateral diaphragmatic foramina to fuse

22
Q

______ is not contained by femoral sheath

A

femoral nerve

23
Q

Effect of prostaglandin and steroids on LES tone

A

Prostaglandins → ↓LES tone

Steroids inhibit prostaglandins → ↑LES tone

24
Q

dysphagia, food impaction seen in _____

Endoscopic findings:

A

Eosinophilic esophagitis

Esophageal rings and linear furrows often seen on endoscopy

25
Q

Schatzki rings Rings: location

A

at gastroesophageal junction

26
Q

Mechanism of gastritis caused by H. Pylori
Gastric
duodenal

A

Gastric:

  1. Urea → Ammonium → Ammunium chloride → damage to mucosa
  2. Urea → Ammonium → ↑pH → gastrin release → ↑ acid

Duodenal:
antrum → D cells damage → ↓somatostatin → ↑gastrin → ↑acid → duodenal ulcer

27
Q

Autoimmune gastritis: Autoantibodies to

A

H+/K+ ATPase on parietal cells and to intrinsic factor.

28
Q

In gastricpresis damage to ——

A
  1. cells of cajal

2. NO secreting neurons that induce relaxation of fundus of stomach

29
Q

Pain worse at night ——- ulcer

A

duodenal

30
Q

Suspensory ligament of treitz:

A

suspends dudeno-jejunal flexure to posterior abdominal wall.

31
Q

Celiac disease: HLA_____

A

DQ2, DQ8

32
Q

Celiac disease is a _______ hypersensitivity reaction.

______ has no role in pathogenesis.

A

Type 4

antibodies. (only helpful for diagnosis)

33
Q

↓mucosal absorption affecting duodenum and jejunum seen in

A

Celiac disease

Tropical sprue

34
Q

Tropical sprue is associated with ______ due to ____ deficiency and, later, _____ deficiency.

A

megaloblastic anemia

folate , B12

GIT (5 decks)

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