GIT 2 Flashcards
Cavernous hemangioma involves ____ structures and has _______ appearance
deep (liver, brain)
“Mulberry like”
Cavernous hemangioma histology:
Abnormal dilated blood vessels with single epithelial layer and thin adventitia lacking elastic fibers and smooth muscles
Focal nodular hyperplasia is most common in _____. it is a _______ lesion caused by hepatic vascular abnormality causing ______ with ________
young women. non-malignant
localized hyperperfusion, secondary hyperplasia
Focal nodular hyperplasia features indicating arterial origin is _____________________________
enhancement with contrast in arterial phase
Crigler Najjar syndrome type 1 treatment
plasmapheresis and phototherapy
Wilson disease lab findings:
↓ ceruloplasmin, ↓ bound copper, ↓ Total copper
↑ Free copper ( cause of all the symptoms)
(ATP7B gene; chromosome 13)
hepatocyte copper-transporting ATPase → loads Cu to apoceruloplasmin → it loads Cu to ceruloplasmin → secreted in blood
- Transports Cu to bile
Hemochromatosis effect on gonads and joints
hypogonadism (atrophy of testis)
arthropathy (calcium pyrophosphate deposition; especially metacarpophalangeal joints).
HFE protein found on
basolateral surface of hepatocyte and enterocyte
Ferroportin found on
macrophages and basolateral surface of enterocyte
Hemochromatosis
On ____ gene, located on chromosome ___; associated with ____. Leads to ______ and _________
HFE , 6
HLA-A3
abnormal iron sensing and ↑intestinal absorption
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Unknown cause of concentric “onion skin” bile duct fibrosis alternating strictures and dilation with “beading”
of intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts
Primary biliary cholangitis
Autoimmune reaction lymphocytic infiltrate +/– granulomas destruction of ____
Treatment:
lobular bile ducts.
Ursodiol (ursodeoxycholic acid)
Estrogen increases the biosynthesis of cholesterol by___
upregulation of HMG-CoA reductase
Ursodeoxycholic acid is only used for____
cholesterol stones
