GIT 2 Flashcards
describe haemorrhoids
4% of adult population have them
they occur due to an increase in intrabdominal pressure in pregnancy/ straining
symptoms of haemorrhoids
tenesmus
stomach pain
bowel changes
what are the different types of haemorrhoids
internal piles above the dentate line- pain free
external piles painful, itching and discomfort due to having somatic sensation
how do haemorrhoids arise
from the anal cushion
what are the problems with haemorrhoids
bleeding
discharge
pain
itching
ulceration
difficulty with continence
how do we manage haemorrhoids
haemorrhoid cream
hygiene to keep clean
high fibre diet
fluid intake
soft stool
describe blood in the bowels
if blood is from the stomach- it is digested and turns black(melena stool)
in the colon- blood is mixed with stool
if there is blood from the sigmoid/rectum it coats the stool
if there is blood from the rectum/anus there is blood on toilet paper
what might be the issue with adnominal pain
hard to tell where it is originating from due to visceral pain
what questions do we ask regarding to abdominal pain
where is it
when is it
is it after eating
associated nausea and vomiting
when did you last move bowels
last pee?
last period?
describe the appendix
5-10 cm long
arises from the first section of the colon
where does the blood supply come to the appendixec
from the base of the appendix and if there is a blockage then tissues will die
what might be the issue with appendicitis
inflammation may compromise blood flow and it may increases and become inflammed, necrosis leads to leakage of bowel contents- peritonitis
what are end arteries
is an artery that is the only supply of oxygenated blood to a specific area
describe appendicitis
poorly localised pain
constipation or diarrhoea
malaise
anorexia
tenderness in lower right quadrant
peritonitis- peritoneal nociceptors
what is the tx for appendicitis
surgery to remove it
describe viral gastroenteritis
eg noravirus
faecal oral route
highly transmissible
what are symptoms of viral gastroenteritis
nausea
vomititng
diarrhoea
malaise
fever
treatment for viral gastroenteritis
rehydration
self limiting
usually resolves itself
describe bacterial gastroenteritis
from contaminated food
eg salmonella
campylobacter
e coli
describe symptoms of bacterial gastroenteritis
nausea
vomiting
diarrhoea
abdominal pain
fever
dehydration
fluid and electrolyte
how do we treat bacterial gastroenteritis
may require antibiotics
what is one issue regarding antibiotics and bacterial gastroenteritis
we can give antibiotics eg clindamycin, metronidazole and this can kill off healthy bacteria and leave c diff to cultivate and reproduce leading to c diff associated gastroenteritis which can be fatal
describe GIT parasites
common in children
worms can be found in poo
itchy anus at night
diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain
what is the tx for parasites
praziquantel
