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DD unit II > Gill lecture 2 > Flashcards

Gill lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which strep typically causes strep throat?

A

S. pyogenes

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2
Q

What can be a serious complication of multiple Group A Strep infections (Cohen also covered it)?

A

Rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease. Will also see glomerulonephritis (antibodies+strep caught in kidney basement membranes)

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3
Q

What is the primary virulence factor of strep pyogenes?

A

M-protein

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4
Q

Why can you get strep throat multiple times?

A

70 serotypes of M-protein

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5
Q

What does M-protein do?

A

inhibits phagocytosis and kills PMNs.

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6
Q

What are the two most predominant methods of diagnosis C. Difficile?

A

Culture and ELISA

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7
Q

Which drug is commonly used to treat C. difficile?

A

Metronidazole

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8
Q

What toxins must be recognized to confirm C difficile diagnosis?

A

Toxina A and B

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9
Q

T or F: Spore are the source of clostridium infections.

A

TRUE

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10
Q

Which neurons are blocked by tentanus toxin?

A

Inhibitory interneurons leading to inability to relax muscles (lockjaw, spastic paralysis)

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11
Q

What is in the tetanus vaccine? tetanus antoxin?

A

Vaccine - toxoid of tentanus toxin and protects from the action of the toxin but not against the bacterium itself. Antitoxin - for acute tetanus symptoms, pooled human hyperimmune gamma globulin

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12
Q

T or F: Children can get tentanus when born in unsterile environments.

A

True. Also if mothers have not been vaccinated against tetanus.

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13
Q

Which neurons are blocked by botulinum toxin?

A

Acetylcholinergic neurons (block transmission of Ach at the neuromuscular junction resulting in flaccid paralysis)

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14
Q

Where is C botulinum commonly found?

A

Home-canned products

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15
Q

T or F: Botulisms toxin is deactivated by cooking.

A

FALSE

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16
Q

Which organs are most commonly affected by C. perfringens?

A

Skin, then muscle and nerve

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17
Q

What toxin is released by C. perfringens?

A

Toxin A - major toxic factor, kills neutrophils

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18
Q

T or F: C. perfringens can produce enterotoxin.

A

TRUE

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19
Q

What is the difference between endotoxin, exotoxin, and enterotoxin?

A

Endotoxin - Lipid A part of the cell wall of G- bacteria, released only after the destruction of the bacterial cell wall. Exotoxin - secreted by a bacteria. Enterotoxin - type of exotoxin, targets the intestines

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20
Q

What is enterotoxin?

A

Produced when organism (such as C. perfringens), site of action is the small intestine.

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21
Q

T or F: C. perfringens can be part of normal flora?

A

TRUE

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22
Q

What group of strep is S. pyogenes part of?

A

Group A Strep

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23
Q

T or F: S. pyogenes will produce abscesses when infecting the skin.

A

False. Not generally associated with abcesses, no coagluase.

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24
Q

What kind of strep causes endocarditis?

A

Mostly Viridans streptococci

25
Q

Why does viridans strep cause endocarditis?

A

Produces dextrans that allow it to adhere to damaged heart valves.

26
Q

Where is viridans strep found in the normal flora of the human body?

A

The mouth. Dextrans allow them to adhere to teeth.

27
Q

T or F: GI E. coli infection is often caused by drinking contaminated food and water.

A

TRUE

28
Q

T or F: E coli that cause urinary tract infections are special.

A

True. These have special ability to adhere to urinary tract, specific interactions with bladder cells, and are typically hemolytic

29
Q

What are the most common reasons for E coli abdominal infections?

A

surgical wounds, burst appendix, colon cancer

30
Q

T or F: Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause infections in non-immunocompromised individuals.

A

FALSE

31
Q

Which patients are you likely to see these P. aeruginosa?

A

Burn victims, cystic fibrosis

32
Q

What is the time course of lung infections of cystic fibrosis patients?

A

Will have S. aureus infections early in life that will be well controlled by antibiotics. Later will get P aeruginosa infections resistant to anti-staph drugs. P. aeruginosa makes toxins and calls in immune response. These factors will cause the damage of the drug. Will frequently cause the death of these patients.

33
Q

What are the gram negative rod genuses that we have to know?

A

E. coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa

34
Q

What is the gram negative cocci genus that we have to know?

A

Neisseria

35
Q

What is the key to infectivity of neisseria?

A

Pili (adherence, interferes with neutrophil killing)

36
Q

Where does neisseria gonorrhoeae tend to cause infection?

A

Urinary tract and reproductive system (pelvic inflammatory disease)

37
Q

Where do we see anaerobic infections?

A

Colon, mouth, female genital tract, skin

38
Q

T or F: The anaerobes that are most commonly seen in infections are relatively aerotolerant.

A

TRUE

39
Q

What bacteria is often cultured from anaerobic abcesses below the diaphragm?

A

Bacteroides fragilis

40
Q

What are the obligate intracellular bateria?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis, Rickettsia

41
Q

What is the bacteria without cell walls?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

42
Q

T or F: Rickettsia makes its own ATP.

A

False. Intracellular, uses host ATP

43
Q

What practical implications must you be aware of when trying to make an intracellular pathogen diagnosis?

A

Difficult to culture an intracellular bacteria, need to choose an antibiotic that gets into eukaryotic cells

44
Q

What disease are caused by chlamydia?

A

Trachoma (conjunctiva), genital infections

45
Q

T or F: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of pneumonia.

A

TRUE

46
Q

How is mycoplasma pneumoniae infection diagnosed?

A

Serological tests, PCR. Difficult to get a culture due to special growth conditions and slow growth.

47
Q

How to bacteria evolve?

A

Slowly by selection, faster by lateral transfer of genetic material

48
Q

What does the bacterial chromosome encode?

A

Essential genes

49
Q

What ways to bacteria carry genetic information? (3)

A

Bacterial chromosome, plasmid, bacterial viruses

50
Q

What is the rate of spontaneous antibiotic resistance?

A

10^8-10^10. Fairly rare, very slow process.

51
Q

What is the biological significance of being able to switch between genes by reorienting a promoter?

A

Confuses the immune system. While the immune system is focused on one version of bacteria, the other can flourish. An example is pili expression in gonorrhea.

52
Q

What are transposable elements?

A

Segment of DNA contained within a bacterial or phage chromosome, it can be moved from one place to another.

53
Q

Conjugative transposons - how do they work?

A

Mating experiment

54
Q

What is a bacterial plasmid?

A

Self-replicating extrachromosomal DNA, often circular, not essential for viability (in a non-challenging environment), may encode a variety of functions including antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, metabolic functions. May or may not be self-transmissible.

55
Q

What are self-transmissible plasmids?

A

Plasmids that can be transferred from on bacteria to another.

56
Q

What are non-self transmissible plasmids?

A

Cannot be duplicated and transferred to other bacteria, but may be mobile and accidentally get passed along with a self-transmissible plasmid.

57
Q

What are pathogenicity islands?

A

Sections of DNA that are found in some strains of a particular species that carry genes for pathogenesis/virulence.

58
Q

How importance are phage DNA/plasmids in virulence?

A

Very

DD unit II (8 decks)

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