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Pathology GI > GI3 > Flashcards

GI3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Gallstones

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2
Q

What are radiolucent stones made of

A

cholesterol

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3
Q

what are radioopaque stones made of

A

calcium

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4
Q

Acute Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder

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5
Q

When does cholecystitis usually occur

A

after an impacted gallstone obstructs the cystic duct

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6
Q

Emphysematous cholecystitis

A

when gallstones injure mucosal wall and bacteria enters… creating an acute infection of gallbladder wall by gas forming organisms

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7
Q

Does emphysematous cholecystitis require surgery

A

yes it is a surgical emergency

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8
Q

Choledocholithiasis

A

Presence of at least one gallstone within common bile duct

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9
Q

Cholangitis

A

Inflammation of entire bile duct system

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10
Q

List in order of most to least severe:
Cholecystitis
Cholangitis
Cholelithiasis
Choledocolthiasis

A

Least
1)Cholelithiasis
2)Cholecystitis
3)Choledocholithiasis
4)Cholangitis
Most

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11
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver

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12
Q

What is hepatitis usually from

A

viral infection

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13
Q

What types of hepatitis is from fecal-oral route

A

Hep A (HAV) and Hep E (HEV)

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14
Q

What type of hepatitis is contracted from exposure to contaminated blood or sexual contact

A

Hep B (HBV)

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15
Q

What type of hepatitis is the common cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Contracted via blood transfusion or through sexual contact

A

Hep C (HCV)

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16
Q

Is early hepatitis seen on imaging

A

no

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17
Q

What may an enlarged liver be indicative of on images

A

advancing hepatitis

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18
Q

What complications of Hepatitis show up on imaging

A

Cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma/liver cancer show up on US, CT, MRI

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19
Q

What condition is Cirrhosis indicative of

A

End stage liver disease

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20
Q

What is a major cause of liver cirrhosis

A

Chronic alcoholism (10-20yrs+)
OR viral hepatitis

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21
Q

What type of tissue will cirrhosis have

A

Scar tissue

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22
Q

What causes edema of lower limbs when in conjunction with cirrhosis

A

Decreased albumin production which causes fluid to leak out of circulation

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23
Q

What condition can cirrhosis cause dues to increased venous pressure

A

Ascites

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24
Q

Portal vein obstruction in cirrhosis can lead to what

A

Collateral circulation

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25
Q

What common indication of cirrhosis is from destruction of liver cells and blockage of bile ducts

A

Jaundice

26
Q

How may cirrhosis appear radiographically

A

Fatty liver, portal veins may stand out more, enlarged spleen

27
Q

Ascites

A

Accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity

28
Q

Along abdominal distention, what other symptoms may ascites produce

A

Tight hard abdomen

29
Q

What may you need to change about technical factors in a patient with ascites

A

Increase technical factors to penetrate through the fluid

30
Q

How may ascites look on images

A

Haziness/graying, fluid will pool as gravity moves, “dog ear” on supine images as fluid collects on both sides of bladder

31
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Liver cancer

32
Q

How does hepatocellular carcinoma appear on images

A

Large mass on CT, with contrast it may be dense or diffuse enhancment (usually non uniform)

33
Q

Hemangioma

A

Benign Vascular tumor

34
Q

Are Liver Hemangiomas usually symptomatic

A

no

35
Q

What makes a liver hemangioma “giant”

A

being 10cm or greater in size

36
Q

What can Liver hemangiomas cause symptomatically

A

Edema and jaundice

37
Q

How may liver hemangiomas appear on images

A

As hypodense lesions on unenhanced images, may also have persistent enhancement on delayed phase

38
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas

39
Q

What makes it ACUTE pancreatitis

A

When enzymes within the pancreas begin to digest the organ itself

40
Q

What is a common resultant of chronic pancreatitis to the tissue

A

Scar tissue

41
Q

In chronic pancreatitis what is the consequence to its enzymes

A

It cannot produce the digestive enzymes insulin and glucagon

42
Q

What may appear on an image of acute pancreatitis

A

Sentinel loop of bowel from an adynamic ileus…but mostly non specific on plain xray
ON CT may have enlarged pancreas and obscured peripancreatic soft tissue

43
Q

What may appear on an image of acute pancreatitis

A

Calcification of the pancreas

44
Q

What is the most common type of pancreatic carcinoma

A

adenocarcinoma (or cancer that starts in the glands)

45
Q

How may the pancreas’ shape alter when there is cancer

A

the head may enlarge, the bile duct may be blocked, and there may be jaundice

46
Q

What is the most effective modality to diagnose pancreatic carcinoma

A

CT

47
Q

What will a BE study show for pancreatic carcinoma

A

Distortion of mucosal pattern and duodenal configuration

48
Q

What type of disorder is diabetes mellitus

A

an endocrine disorder

49
Q

What is diabetes mellitus

A

When the pancreas fails to secrete insulin/when target cells fail to respond to the hormone

50
Q

What can diabetes mellitus lead to

A

hyperglycemia since the glucose is staying in the blood. Also acidosis and dehydration

51
Q

Symptoms of diabetes mellitus

A

polyuria, polydipsia, glycosuria

52
Q

What can diabetes mellitus lead to (think about the feet)

A

Peripheral vessel calcification, severe osteomyelitis, neuropathic joints, gas gangrene, ischemic gangrene

53
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood sugar

54
Q

Symptoms of hypoglycemia

A

lightheaded/faint, shaky, sweaty

55
Q

Should you give insulin to someone with hypoglycemia?

A

No, give them sugar

56
Q

Pneumoperitoneum

A

Free air in the peritoneal cavity

57
Q

What is often the cause of pneumoperitoneum

A

A perforation of the GI tract (like from a peptic ulcer)

58
Q

Does pneumoperitoneum resolve on its own?

A

No, it is a surgical emergency

59
Q

Can you image pneumoperitoneum in a supine position

A

No, upright or decubitus is needed

60
Q

How long do you let a patient sit when evaluating for pneumoperitoneum

A

10min (though in practice often only 5)

61
Q

How may air appear radiographically in pneumoperitoneum

A

air under diaphragm may appear as a sickle shaped lucency

Pathology GI (3 decks)

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