Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 3 James > GI system: midgut and hindgut > Flashcards

GI system: midgut and hindgut Flashcards

1
Q

superior mesenteric artery syndrome

-cause

A

superior mesenteric artery crosses the third part of the duodenum anteriorly

  • if the duodenum is compressed by a SMA aneurysm it can cause obstruction of the duodenum.
  • additionally, can block left renal vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

superior mesenteric artery syndrome

-clinical

A
  • causes bilious vomiting in newborns (and adults?) which is curdled milk mixed with bile so it is greenish
  • SMA may also compress left renal vein (nutcracker syndrome)
  • may be relieved by patient leaning forward when eating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

congenital pyloric stenosis

-cause

A

-thickening of the smooth muscle of the pyloric sphincter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

congenital pyloric stenosis

-clinical

A
  • non-bilious, projectile vomiting (because obstruction proximal to bile duct)
  • abdominal pain
  • failure to gain weight
  • dehydration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

annular pancreas

  • what is it?
  • problem
A
  • the ventral pancreas may consist of two lobes
  • if the lobes migrate around the duodenum in opposite directions to fuse with the dorsal bud, an annular pancreas is formed
  • problem: forms ring around the duodenum which can cause an obstruction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

annular pancreas

-symptoms and signs in infants

A
  • feeding intolerance
  • bilious vomiting (curdled milk mixed with bile (greenish))
  • —>therefore constriction usually occurs after sphincter of oddi
  • abdominal distension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

annular pancreas

-symptoms and signs in adults

A
  • abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting
  • upper GI bleeding (from stomach ulceration)
  • acute or chronic pancreatitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

abnormalities of midgut rotation

-nonrotation

A

nonrotation:

  • s.i. remains on the right side of the body
  • ascending colon in the middle
  • descending colon on the left
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

abnormalities of midgut rotation

-mixed rotation and volvulus

A

mixed rotation and volvulus:

  • accomplishes initial 90 degree rotation (counterclockwise; viewed ventrally)
  • but second rotation of 180 degrees is in the opposite direction (clockwise)
  • abnormal position of s.i. relative to L.I.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

abnormalities of midgut rotation

-subhepatic cecum and appendix

A

subhepatic cecum and appendix

  • if have over-rotation of midgut during retraction (more than 180 degrees counterclockwise)
  • results in cecum and appendix being abnormally placed in the upper right quadrant (instead of LRQ)
  • in this case appendicitis can mimic biliary pain and present in the RUQ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

meckel’s diverticulum

-what?

A

-failure of vitelline duct (yolk stalk) to completely regress once midgut loop retracts into abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

meckel’s diverticulum

-what can it cause?

A 
omphalomesenteric cyst (omphalos means umbilicus)
-the fluid in the cyst can become inflamed and result in pain around the umbilicus (mimicking pain of appendicitis)

omphalomesenteric ligament (fibrous band)

  • connects ileum to anterior abdominal wall
  • can cause pain as well
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

meckel’s diverticulum

-“syndrome of 2’s”

A
  • 2% of population
  • 2” long
  • 2 feet proximal to ICJ
  • 2 types of mucosa (gastric and intestinal)
  • 2X more common in males
  • 2% are asymptomatic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

McBurney’s Point

A
  • location of the appendix

- 1/3 of the distance from ASIS to umbilicus (on right side)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

appendicitis

  • definition
  • cause
A
  • obstruction of appendiceal lumen leads to inflammation and/or rupture
  • cause of obstruction many times is a calcified appendicolith (old piece of stool)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

appendicitis

-clinical

A
  • typically present with fever, nausea/vomiting and periumbilical/RLQ pain
  • a ruptured appendix may lead to peritonitis
17
Q

peritonitis

-clinical

A

-inflammation of the parietal and visceral peritoneum

main manifestations:

  • abdominal pain
  • abdominal tenderness
  • abdominal guarding
18
Q

diverticulosis/diverticulitis

  • cause
  • what?
  • clinical
A
  • due to low fiber diets
  • outpouchings of the colonic mucosa and submucosa through weaknesses of muscle layers in the colon wall
  • constipation (which increases intra-luminal pressure)
19
Q

colonic intussusception

-what?

A
  • section of the bowel tunnels into an adjoining section, like a collapsible telescope
  • may interrupt normal blood flow and cause necrosis
20
Q

colonic intussusception

-causes

A
  • benign of malignant growths
  • adhesions
  • surgical scars
  • motility disorders
  • long term diarrhea
21
Q

ulcerative colitis

  • what
  • clinical
A

-chronic inflammation of the large intestine

clinical:

  • diarrhea (sometimes with bleeding)
  • pain
  • weight loss
  • inflammation of other organs
22
Q

whats the difference between crohn’s and ulcerative colitis?

A

crohn’s: can affect any area of the GI tract and is a segmented lesion

ulcerative colitis: only affects large intestine and is a continuous lesion

23
Q

what is the most common cancer of the GI tract?

A

-colon cancer

24
Q

where is the recto-sigmoid junction?

A

lies anterior to the S3 vertebra

25
Q

what are most cases of hemorrhoids caused by?

A
  • not portal hypertension

- More often, hard stool or constipation causes increased pressure in rectum which compresses rectal veins

26
Q

rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)

  • where is it
  • significance
A
  • space between uterus and rectum in females

- it is the lowest space in the pelvis of a female

27
Q

which two nerves supply parasympathetic innervation to the GI tract? How is the GI tract divided under their control?

A
  • vagus supplies PNS innervation to foregut and midgut*
  • pelvis splanchnic nerves supply PNS innervation to the pelvis and hindgut*
  • Division is the boundary between the proximal 2/3 and distal 1/3 of the transverse colon
28
Q

hirschsprung’s disease

-what?

A

-congenital absence of enteric parasympathetic ganglia in distal colon (ie, absence of enteric nervous system in distal colon)

29
Q

hirschsprung’s disease

-clinical

A
  • absence of peristalsis
  • dilation of proximal colon
  • constipation, failure to pass meconium, distension of the abdomen
30
Q

What landmark attaches to the first part of the duodenum

A

-the lesser omentum, specifically the hepatoduodenal ligament

  • the portal triad passes within the hepatoduodenal ligament
  • also the hepatoduodenal ligament forms the roof of the foramen of winslow (the only entrance to the lesser sac)
31
Q

What landmark attaches to the fourth part of the duodenum?

A

-the ligament of treitz

  • an extension of the right crus of the diaphragm
  • marks the transition between the duodenum (secondarily retroperitoneal) and the jejunum (intraperitoneal)
32
Q

What are plicae circulares?

Where are they most concentrated?

A
  • mucosal folds that extend across the entire diameter of the lumen
  • They are found throughout the small intestine but are most concentrated in the proximal jejunum
33
Q

Where are the highest number of arcades found?

Where are longer vasa recta found

A

Where are the highest number of arcades found?
-distal ileum
Where are longer vasa recta found?
-proximal jejunum

*The change between these two extremes is gradual

34
Q

Appendicitis presentations (3)?

A
  1. periumbilical referred pain (lesser splanchnic)
  2. RLQ somatic pain (subcostal T12)
  3. psoas sign (pain upon hip extension)
35
Q

Where might an individual with a liver pathology experience referred pain?

A
  • the right shoulder
  • The bare area of the liver is fused with the diaphragm
  • diaphragm innervated by phrenic nerve (C3,C4,C5)
36
Q

Where might an individual with a splenic pathology experience referred pain?

A
  • the left shoulder

- in contact with the left portion of the diaphragm which is innervated by the phrenic nerve

Anatomy 3 James (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions