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Patho Exam 4 > GI System Including Liver And Pancreas > Flashcards

GI System Including Liver And Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

This is difficulty swallowing and is often a symptom of other conditions.

A

Dysphagia

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2
Q

This includes lack of rhythmic esophageal contractions contributing to incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter.

A

Achalasia

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3
Q

This is the protrusion or herniation of the upper part of the stomach into the thorax through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm.

A

Hiatal hernia

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4
Q

This is often without symptoms, but when apparent symptoms include chest pain, sob, heart palpitations, and discomfort swallowing food. Acid reflex often occurs leading to heartburn.

A

Hiatal hernia

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5
Q

This is an inflammation of the esophagus that is commonly caused by GERD or infections in immunocompromised individuals.

A

Esophagitis

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6
Q

This is an inflammatory disorder where the wall of the esophagus becomes filled with eosinophils that typically occurs in young people in response to allergic reaction.

A

Eosinophilia esophagitis

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7
Q

This occurs mainly in people with impaired defense mechanisms. Main causes include Candida albicans, HSV, and cytomegalovirus.

A

Infection of the esophagus

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8
Q

May occur in settings of chronic acid reflux, resulting in inflammation and ulceration

A

Erosive esophagitis

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9
Q

This is backflow of gastric or duodenal contents or both into the esophagus past the LES, without associated belching or vomiting. It is characterized by acute epi gastric pain, usually after a meal, or heartburn.

A

GERD

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10
Q

Esophageal cancers usually develop here.

A

In the cells lining the esophagus

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11
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma is more common here:

A

Upper esophagus

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12
Q

Adenocarcinoma is more common here:

A

Lower esophagus

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13
Q

Refers to when the cells lining the esophagus are replaced by cells similar to those lining the intestine (intestinal metaplasia)

A

Barrett’s esophagus

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14
Q

Pouches or abnormal protrusions from the esophagus that may cause swallowing disorders or regurgitation.

A

Esophageal diverticula

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15
Q

Tears in the esophagus that do not penetrate the wall of the esophagus:

A

Esophageal lacerations or Mallory-Weiss syndrome

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16
Q

Tears that penetrate the wall of the esophagus and may occur during endoscopy, or during vomiting, retching, or swallowing a large food mass.

A

Esophageal ruptures

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17
Q

Inflammation of the lining of the stomach (mucosa).

A

Gastritis

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18
Q

Results from the lack of intrinsic factor required for vitamin B12

A

Pernicious anemia

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19
Q

Two forms of gastritis:

A

Chronic gastritis often caused by H. Pylori and autoimmune gastritis

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20
Q

Is the most common ulcer of the GI tract and represents the chronic ulceration of gastric mucosa or duodenum.

A

Peptic ulcer disease

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21
Q

PUD is usually caused by this:

A

Helicobacter pylori infection but use of NSAIDS can also contribute.

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22
Q

PUD May be caused by a rare gastric-secreting tumor in the SI or pancreas called:

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

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23
Q

Is inflammation of the GI tract, mostly within the small intestine, but also of the stomach.

A

Gastroenteritis

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24
Q

Most common causative agents of gastroenteritis:

A

Rotavirus (especially in children), E. Coli, or campylobacter jejuni

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25
Q

Also known as spastic Colón or spastic colitis and is a disorder of the entire digestive tract that causes recurring abdominal pain and constipation or diarrhea.

A

Irritable bowel syndrome

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26
Q

Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome:

A

Abdominal pain, alternating constipation and diarrhea, excess flatus, sense of incomplete evacuation, and abnormal distension.

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27
Q

A general term for chronic inflammation of the GI tract.

A

Inflammatory bowel disease

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28
Q

Two specific forms of Inflammatory bowel disease:

A
  1. Crohn’s disease

2. Ulcerative colitis

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29
Q

Also known as regional enteritis or granulomatous colitis and is a recurrent granulomatous type of inflammatory response that can affect any part of the GI tract.

A

Crohn’s disease

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30
Q

These are sharply demarcated granulomatous lesions that are surrounded by normal- appearing mucosal tissue and is characteristic of Crohn’s.

A

Skip lesions

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31
Q

This is an inflammatory disease of the colon and the rectum that begins in the rectum and may involve the entire colon, producing edema and ulcerations.

A

Ulcerative colitis

32
Q

Ulcerative colitis can affect other layers of the GI tract but generally only affects this:

A

Mucosa

33
Q

Motility through the bowel is regulated by this:

A

Autonomic nervous system

34
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of the bowel tends to:

A

Increase motility

35
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of the bowel tends to:

A

Decrease motility

36
Q

Acute diarrhea can be:

A

Inflammatory (small volume) or noninflammatory (large volume)

37
Q

This is associated with fever and blood in the stool (dysentery). Usually caused by invasive bacteria including shigella, salmonella, e.coli

A

Inflammatory diarrhea

38
Q

This is characterized by large-volume watery and nonbloody stools.

A

Noninflammatory diarrhea

39
Q

This is characterized by hyper osmotic luminal contents whereby a non absorbable substance in the GI tract shifts the osmotic balance so that water is drawn j to the GI tract. An example would be lactose intolerance, where insufficient lactose cannot digest the milk sugar lactose.

A

Osmotic diarrhea

40
Q

Type of constipation that is characterized by perceived difficulty in defecation and usually responds to increased fluid and fiber intake.

A

Normal-transit constipation

41
Q

Type of constipation that is characterized by infrequent bowel movements and is often associated with alterations in intestinal innervation.

A

Slow-transit constipation

42
Q

Immune-mediated disorder triggered by ingestion of gluten-containing grains.

A

Celiac disease

43
Q

Benign neoplasms (adenomas) that arose from the mucosal layer of the intestine.

A

Adenomatous polyps

44
Q

Inflammation of the diverticula or herniation within the wall of the intestinal tract.

A

Diverticulosis

45
Q

Inflammatory response of the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering internal visceral organs.

A

Peritonitis

46
Q

A yellow of greenish pigmentation of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia.

A

Icterus

47
Q

3 major causes of jaundice:

A
  1. Prehepatic/ hemolytic jaundice
  2. Hepatic/hepatocellular jaundice
  3. Posthepatic/ cholestatic jaundice
48
Q

Type of jaundice that may be caused by genetic diseases including sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, g6pd.

A

Prehepatic/ hemolytic

49
Q

Type of jaundice that may be due to dysfunction of the liver’s ability to process (conjugate) bilirubin for elimination. This is commonly caused by hepatitis or cirrhosis.

A

Hepatic/ hepatocellular

50
Q

Type of jaundice that may be due to problems related to passage of bike through the bike ducts that results in obstructive jaundice. Commonly caused by gallstones that block the common bike duct or by disorders of the pancreas such as pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer.

A

Posthepatic/ cholestatic

51
Q

The release of these from the liver are critical for digestion of fats.

A

Bile and phospholipids

52
Q

Refers to the inflammation of the liver and may be caused by infection, intoxication, among another causes.

A

Hepatitis

53
Q

Hepatitis A through E cause:

A

Acute infection

54
Q

Hepatitis B and C may also cause:

A

Chronic infection

55
Q

This generally lasts 2-6 weeks and is typically caused by hepatitis A.

A

Acute hepatitis

56
Q

This lasts longer and is associated with extensive damage and scarring of the liver, including cirrhosis, and is typically associated with hepatitis B or C.

A

Chronic hepatitis

57
Q

The liver is responsible for this, which involves the detox of drugs or alcohol.

A

Biotransformation

58
Q

This involves chemical modifications (phase I) or conjugations (phase II) that convert lipid-soluble or nonpolar molecules into water-soluble or polar substances to facilitate their excretion and elimination from the body.

A

Biotransformation

59
Q

This is the leading cause of liver failure in the US:

A

Drug-related hepatotoxicity

60
Q

The most common cause of drug-induced liver damage is:

A

Acetaminophen

61
Q

Alcohol is usually detoxified in the liver using:

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)

62
Q

Alcohol is converted to this by ADH during the detox process.

A

Acetaldehyde- a toxic intermediate

63
Q

This is a fatty liver disease that has the potential to progress to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease arising from causes other than alcohol abuse.

A

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

64
Q

Conditions associated with nonalcoholic liver disease include;

A

Type-2 diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and hyperlipidemia

65
Q

This is characterized by an irreversible inflammatory disease of the liver where much of the functional tissue of the liver has been replaced by scar tissue.

A

Liver cirrhosis

66
Q

Liver failure results in:

A

Anemia, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and leukopenia

67
Q

This occurs at the terminal stages of liver failure with ascites and includes azotemia, increased creatinine, and oliguria

A

Hepatorenal syndrome

68
Q

This is the formation of gallstones that can obstruct a bile duct.

A

Cholelithiasis

69
Q

These are caused by the precipitation of bile components including cholesterol and bilirubin, and the crystals form these:

A

Gallstones

70
Q

80 percent of gallstones are formed from:

A

Cholesterol

71
Q

A diffuse inflammation of the gallbladder, usually secondary to obstruction of the bile ducts.

A

Acute cholecystitis

72
Q

A reversible inflammatory process of the pancreatic acini brought on by premature activation of pancreatic enzymes. Potentially life threatening. Digestion of pancreatic tissue and blood vessels by pancreatic enzymes gives rise to intense pain and necrosis.

A

Acute pancreatitis

73
Q

Progressive and permanent destruction of the exocrine pancreas, fibrosis, and in later stages destruction of the endocrine pancreas.

A

Chronic pancreatitis

74
Q

Benign tumors of the liver include:

A

Liver cell adenoma and bile duct adenoma

75
Q

Benign tumors of the pancreas called this are rare.

A

Cystadenoma

Patho Exam 4 (3 decks)

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