GI System Including Liver And Pancreas

Question 1

This is difficulty swallowing and is often a symptom of other conditions.

Answer 1

Dysphagia

Question 2

This includes lack of rhythmic esophageal contractions contributing to incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter.

Answer 2

Achalasia

Question 3

This is the protrusion or herniation of the upper part of the stomach into the thorax through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm.

Answer 3

Hiatal hernia

Question 4

This is often without symptoms, but when apparent symptoms include chest pain, sob, heart palpitations, and discomfort swallowing food. Acid reflex often occurs leading to heartburn.

Answer 4

Hiatal hernia

Question 5

This is an inflammation of the esophagus that is commonly caused by GERD or infections in immunocompromised individuals.

Answer 5

Esophagitis

Question 6

This is an inflammatory disorder where the wall of the esophagus becomes filled with eosinophils that typically occurs in young people in response to allergic reaction.

Answer 6

Eosinophilia esophagitis

Question 7

This occurs mainly in people with impaired defense mechanisms. Main causes include Candida albicans, HSV, and cytomegalovirus.

Answer 7

Infection of the esophagus

Question 8

May occur in settings of chronic acid reflux, resulting in inflammation and ulceration

Answer 8

Erosive esophagitis

Question 9

This is backflow of gastric or duodenal contents or both into the esophagus past the LES, without associated belching or vomiting. It is characterized by acute epi gastric pain, usually after a meal, or heartburn.

Answer 9

GERD

Question 10

Esophageal cancers usually develop here.

Answer 10

In the cells lining the esophagus

Question 11

Squamous cell carcinoma is more common here:

Answer 11

Upper esophagus

Question 12

Adenocarcinoma is more common here:

Answer 12

Lower esophagus

Question 13

Refers to when the cells lining the esophagus are replaced by cells similar to those lining the intestine (intestinal metaplasia)

Answer 13

Barrett’s esophagus

Question 14

Pouches or abnormal protrusions from the esophagus that may cause swallowing disorders or regurgitation.

Answer 14

Esophageal diverticula

Question 15

Tears in the esophagus that do not penetrate the wall of the esophagus:

Answer 15

Esophageal lacerations or Mallory-Weiss syndrome

Question 16

Tears that penetrate the wall of the esophagus and may occur during endoscopy, or during vomiting, retching, or swallowing a large food mass.

Answer 16

Esophageal ruptures

Question 17

Inflammation of the lining of the stomach (mucosa).

Answer 17

Gastritis

Question 18

Results from the lack of intrinsic factor required for vitamin B12

Answer 18

Pernicious anemia

Question 19

Two forms of gastritis:

Answer 19

Chronic gastritis often caused by H. Pylori and autoimmune gastritis

Question 20

Is the most common ulcer of the GI tract and represents the chronic ulceration of gastric mucosa or duodenum.

Answer 20

Peptic ulcer disease

Question 21

PUD is usually caused by this:

Answer 21

Helicobacter pylori infection but use of NSAIDS can also contribute.

Question 22

PUD May be caused by a rare gastric-secreting tumor in the SI or pancreas called:

Answer 22

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Question 23

Is inflammation of the GI tract, mostly within the small intestine, but also of the stomach.

Answer 23

Gastroenteritis

Question 24

Most common causative agents of gastroenteritis:

Answer 24

Rotavirus (especially in children), E. Coli, or campylobacter jejuni

Question 25

Also known as spastic Colón or spastic colitis and is a disorder of the entire digestive tract that causes recurring abdominal pain and constipation or diarrhea.

Answer 25

Irritable bowel syndrome

Question 26

Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome:

Answer 26

Abdominal pain, alternating constipation and diarrhea, excess flatus, sense of incomplete evacuation, and abnormal distension.

Question 27

A general term for chronic inflammation of the GI tract.

Answer 27

Inflammatory bowel disease

Question 28

Two specific forms of Inflammatory bowel disease:

Answer 28

1. Crohn’s disease | 2. Ulcerative colitis

Question 29

Also known as regional enteritis or granulomatous colitis and is a recurrent granulomatous type of inflammatory response that can affect any part of the GI tract.

Answer 29

Crohn’s disease

Question 30

These are sharply demarcated granulomatous lesions that are surrounded by normal- appearing mucosal tissue and is characteristic of Crohn’s.

Answer 30

Skip lesions

Question 31

This is an inflammatory disease of the colon and the rectum that begins in the rectum and may involve the entire colon, producing edema and ulcerations.

Answer 31

Ulcerative colitis

Question 32

Ulcerative colitis can affect other layers of the GI tract but generally only affects this:

Answer 32

Mucosa

Question 33

Motility through the bowel is regulated by this:

Answer 33

Autonomic nervous system

Question 34

Parasympathetic stimulation of the bowel tends to:

Answer 34

Increase motility

Question 35

Sympathetic stimulation of the bowel tends to:

Answer 35

Decrease motility

Question 36

Acute diarrhea can be:

Answer 36

Inflammatory (small volume) or noninflammatory (large volume)

Question 37

This is associated with fever and blood in the stool (dysentery). Usually caused by invasive bacteria including shigella, salmonella, e.coli

Answer 37

Inflammatory diarrhea

Question 38

This is characterized by large-volume watery and nonbloody stools.

Answer 38

Noninflammatory diarrhea

Question 39

This is characterized by hyper osmotic luminal contents whereby a non absorbable substance in the GI tract shifts the osmotic balance so that water is drawn j to the GI tract. An example would be lactose intolerance, where insufficient lactose cannot digest the milk sugar lactose.

Answer 39

Osmotic diarrhea

Question 40

Type of constipation that is characterized by perceived difficulty in defecation and usually responds to increased fluid and fiber intake.

Answer 40

Normal-transit constipation

Question 41

Type of constipation that is characterized by infrequent bowel movements and is often associated with alterations in intestinal innervation.

Answer 41

Slow-transit constipation

Question 42

Immune-mediated disorder triggered by ingestion of gluten-containing grains.

Answer 42

Celiac disease

Question 43

Benign neoplasms (adenomas) that arose from the mucosal layer of the intestine.

Answer 43

Adenomatous polyps

Question 44

Inflammation of the diverticula or herniation within the wall of the intestinal tract.

Answer 44

Diverticulosis

Question 45

Inflammatory response of the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering internal visceral organs.

Answer 45

Peritonitis

Question 46

A yellow of greenish pigmentation of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia.

Answer 46

Icterus

Question 47

3 major causes of jaundice:

Answer 47

1. Prehepatic/ hemolytic jaundice 2. Hepatic/hepatocellular jaundice 3. Posthepatic/ cholestatic jaundice

Question 48

Type of jaundice that may be caused by genetic diseases including sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, g6pd.

Answer 48

Prehepatic/ hemolytic

Question 49

Type of jaundice that may be due to dysfunction of the liver’s ability to process (conjugate) bilirubin for elimination. This is commonly caused by hepatitis or cirrhosis.

Answer 49

Hepatic/ hepatocellular

Question 50

Type of jaundice that may be due to problems related to passage of bike through the bike ducts that results in obstructive jaundice. Commonly caused by gallstones that block the common bike duct or by disorders of the pancreas such as pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer.

Answer 50

Posthepatic/ cholestatic

Question 51

The release of these from the liver are critical for digestion of fats.

Answer 51

Bile and phospholipids

Question 52

Refers to the inflammation of the liver and may be caused by infection, intoxication, among another causes.

Answer 52

Hepatitis

Question 53

Hepatitis A through E cause:

Answer 53

Acute infection

Question 54

Hepatitis B and C may also cause:

Answer 54

Chronic infection

Question 55

This generally lasts 2-6 weeks and is typically caused by hepatitis A.

Answer 55

Acute hepatitis

Question 56

This lasts longer and is associated with extensive damage and scarring of the liver, including cirrhosis, and is typically associated with hepatitis B or C.

Answer 56

Chronic hepatitis

Question 57

The liver is responsible for this, which involves the detox of drugs or alcohol.

Answer 57

Biotransformation

Question 58

This involves chemical modifications (phase I) or conjugations (phase II) that convert lipid-soluble or nonpolar molecules into water-soluble or polar substances to facilitate their excretion and elimination from the body.

Answer 58

Biotransformation

Question 59

This is the leading cause of liver failure in the US:

Answer 59

Drug-related hepatotoxicity

Question 60

The most common cause of drug-induced liver damage is:

Answer 60

Acetaminophen

Question 61

Alcohol is usually detoxified in the liver using:

Answer 61

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)

Question 62

Alcohol is converted to this by ADH during the detox process.

Answer 62

Acetaldehyde- a toxic intermediate

Question 63

This is a fatty liver disease that has the potential to progress to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease arising from causes other than alcohol abuse.

Answer 63

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Question 64

Conditions associated with nonalcoholic liver disease include;

Answer 64

Type-2 diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and hyperlipidemia

Question 65

This is characterized by an irreversible inflammatory disease of the liver where much of the functional tissue of the liver has been replaced by scar tissue.

Answer 65

Liver cirrhosis

Question 66

Liver failure results in:

Answer 66

Anemia, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and leukopenia

Question 67

This occurs at the terminal stages of liver failure with ascites and includes azotemia, increased creatinine, and oliguria

Answer 67

Hepatorenal syndrome

Question 68

This is the formation of gallstones that can obstruct a bile duct.

Answer 68

Cholelithiasis

Question 69

These are caused by the precipitation of bile components including cholesterol and bilirubin, and the crystals form these:

Answer 69

Gallstones

Question 70

80 percent of gallstones are formed from:

Answer 70

Cholesterol

Question 71

A diffuse inflammation of the gallbladder, usually secondary to obstruction of the bile ducts.

Answer 71

Acute cholecystitis

Question 72

A reversible inflammatory process of the pancreatic acini brought on by premature activation of pancreatic enzymes. Potentially life threatening. Digestion of pancreatic tissue and blood vessels by pancreatic enzymes gives rise to intense pain and necrosis.

Answer 72

Acute pancreatitis

Question 73

Progressive and permanent destruction of the exocrine pancreas, fibrosis, and in later stages destruction of the endocrine pancreas.

Answer 73

Chronic pancreatitis

Question 74

Benign tumors of the liver include:

Answer 74

Liver cell adenoma and bile duct adenoma

Question 75

Benign tumors of the pancreas called this are rare.

Answer 75

Cystadenoma