GI System Including Liver And Pancreas Flashcards
This is difficulty swallowing and is often a symptom of other conditions.
Dysphagia
This includes lack of rhythmic esophageal contractions contributing to incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter.
Achalasia
This is the protrusion or herniation of the upper part of the stomach into the thorax through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm.
Hiatal hernia
This is often without symptoms, but when apparent symptoms include chest pain, sob, heart palpitations, and discomfort swallowing food. Acid reflex often occurs leading to heartburn.
Hiatal hernia
This is an inflammation of the esophagus that is commonly caused by GERD or infections in immunocompromised individuals.
Esophagitis
This is an inflammatory disorder where the wall of the esophagus becomes filled with eosinophils that typically occurs in young people in response to allergic reaction.
Eosinophilia esophagitis
This occurs mainly in people with impaired defense mechanisms. Main causes include Candida albicans, HSV, and cytomegalovirus.
Infection of the esophagus
May occur in settings of chronic acid reflux, resulting in inflammation and ulceration
Erosive esophagitis
This is backflow of gastric or duodenal contents or both into the esophagus past the LES, without associated belching or vomiting. It is characterized by acute epi gastric pain, usually after a meal, or heartburn.
GERD
Esophageal cancers usually develop here.
In the cells lining the esophagus
Squamous cell carcinoma is more common here:
Upper esophagus
Adenocarcinoma is more common here:
Lower esophagus
Refers to when the cells lining the esophagus are replaced by cells similar to those lining the intestine (intestinal metaplasia)
Barrett’s esophagus
Pouches or abnormal protrusions from the esophagus that may cause swallowing disorders or regurgitation.
Esophageal diverticula
Tears in the esophagus that do not penetrate the wall of the esophagus:
Esophageal lacerations or Mallory-Weiss syndrome
Tears that penetrate the wall of the esophagus and may occur during endoscopy, or during vomiting, retching, or swallowing a large food mass.
Esophageal ruptures
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach (mucosa).
Gastritis
Results from the lack of intrinsic factor required for vitamin B12
Pernicious anemia
Two forms of gastritis:
Chronic gastritis often caused by H. Pylori and autoimmune gastritis
Is the most common ulcer of the GI tract and represents the chronic ulceration of gastric mucosa or duodenum.
Peptic ulcer disease
PUD is usually caused by this:
Helicobacter pylori infection but use of NSAIDS can also contribute.
PUD May be caused by a rare gastric-secreting tumor in the SI or pancreas called:
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Is inflammation of the GI tract, mostly within the small intestine, but also of the stomach.
Gastroenteritis
Most common causative agents of gastroenteritis:
Rotavirus (especially in children), E. Coli, or campylobacter jejuni
Also known as spastic Colón or spastic colitis and is a disorder of the entire digestive tract that causes recurring abdominal pain and constipation or diarrhea.
Irritable bowel syndrome
Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome:
Abdominal pain, alternating constipation and diarrhea, excess flatus, sense of incomplete evacuation, and abnormal distension.
A general term for chronic inflammation of the GI tract.
Inflammatory bowel disease
Two specific forms of Inflammatory bowel disease:
- Crohn’s disease
2. Ulcerative colitis
Also known as regional enteritis or granulomatous colitis and is a recurrent granulomatous type of inflammatory response that can affect any part of the GI tract.
Crohn’s disease
These are sharply demarcated granulomatous lesions that are surrounded by normal- appearing mucosal tissue and is characteristic of Crohn’s.
Skip lesions
This is an inflammatory disease of the colon and the rectum that begins in the rectum and may involve the entire colon, producing edema and ulcerations.
Ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis can affect other layers of the GI tract but generally only affects this:
Mucosa
Motility through the bowel is regulated by this:
Autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic stimulation of the bowel tends to:
Increase motility
Sympathetic stimulation of the bowel tends to:
Decrease motility
Acute diarrhea can be:
Inflammatory (small volume) or noninflammatory (large volume)
This is associated with fever and blood in the stool (dysentery). Usually caused by invasive bacteria including shigella, salmonella, e.coli
Inflammatory diarrhea
This is characterized by large-volume watery and nonbloody stools.
Noninflammatory diarrhea
This is characterized by hyper osmotic luminal contents whereby a non absorbable substance in the GI tract shifts the osmotic balance so that water is drawn j to the GI tract. An example would be lactose intolerance, where insufficient lactose cannot digest the milk sugar lactose.
Osmotic diarrhea
Type of constipation that is characterized by perceived difficulty in defecation and usually responds to increased fluid and fiber intake.
Normal-transit constipation
Type of constipation that is characterized by infrequent bowel movements and is often associated with alterations in intestinal innervation.
Slow-transit constipation
Immune-mediated disorder triggered by ingestion of gluten-containing grains.
Celiac disease
Benign neoplasms (adenomas) that arose from the mucosal layer of the intestine.
Adenomatous polyps
Inflammation of the diverticula or herniation within the wall of the intestinal tract.
Diverticulosis
Inflammatory response of the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering internal visceral organs.
Peritonitis
A yellow of greenish pigmentation of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia.
Icterus
3 major causes of jaundice:
- Prehepatic/ hemolytic jaundice
- Hepatic/hepatocellular jaundice
- Posthepatic/ cholestatic jaundice
Type of jaundice that may be caused by genetic diseases including sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, g6pd.
Prehepatic/ hemolytic
Type of jaundice that may be due to dysfunction of the liver’s ability to process (conjugate) bilirubin for elimination. This is commonly caused by hepatitis or cirrhosis.
Hepatic/ hepatocellular
Type of jaundice that may be due to problems related to passage of bike through the bike ducts that results in obstructive jaundice. Commonly caused by gallstones that block the common bike duct or by disorders of the pancreas such as pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer.
Posthepatic/ cholestatic
The release of these from the liver are critical for digestion of fats.
Bile and phospholipids
Refers to the inflammation of the liver and may be caused by infection, intoxication, among another causes.
Hepatitis
Hepatitis A through E cause:
Acute infection
Hepatitis B and C may also cause:
Chronic infection
This generally lasts 2-6 weeks and is typically caused by hepatitis A.
Acute hepatitis
This lasts longer and is associated with extensive damage and scarring of the liver, including cirrhosis, and is typically associated with hepatitis B or C.
Chronic hepatitis
The liver is responsible for this, which involves the detox of drugs or alcohol.
Biotransformation
This involves chemical modifications (phase I) or conjugations (phase II) that convert lipid-soluble or nonpolar molecules into water-soluble or polar substances to facilitate their excretion and elimination from the body.
Biotransformation
This is the leading cause of liver failure in the US:
Drug-related hepatotoxicity
The most common cause of drug-induced liver damage is:
Acetaminophen
Alcohol is usually detoxified in the liver using:
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)
Alcohol is converted to this by ADH during the detox process.
Acetaldehyde- a toxic intermediate
This is a fatty liver disease that has the potential to progress to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease arising from causes other than alcohol abuse.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Conditions associated with nonalcoholic liver disease include;
Type-2 diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and hyperlipidemia
This is characterized by an irreversible inflammatory disease of the liver where much of the functional tissue of the liver has been replaced by scar tissue.
Liver cirrhosis
Liver failure results in:
Anemia, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and leukopenia
This occurs at the terminal stages of liver failure with ascites and includes azotemia, increased creatinine, and oliguria
Hepatorenal syndrome
This is the formation of gallstones that can obstruct a bile duct.
Cholelithiasis
These are caused by the precipitation of bile components including cholesterol and bilirubin, and the crystals form these:
Gallstones
80 percent of gallstones are formed from:
Cholesterol
A diffuse inflammation of the gallbladder, usually secondary to obstruction of the bile ducts.
Acute cholecystitis
A reversible inflammatory process of the pancreatic acini brought on by premature activation of pancreatic enzymes. Potentially life threatening. Digestion of pancreatic tissue and blood vessels by pancreatic enzymes gives rise to intense pain and necrosis.
Acute pancreatitis
Progressive and permanent destruction of the exocrine pancreas, fibrosis, and in later stages destruction of the endocrine pancreas.
Chronic pancreatitis
Benign tumors of the liver include:
Liver cell adenoma and bile duct adenoma
Benign tumors of the pancreas called this are rare.
Cystadenoma
