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Patho Exam 4 > Disorders Of The Skin, Muscle, And Bone > Flashcards

Disorders Of The Skin, Muscle, And Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Force generated by the muscle on an object.

A

Tension

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2
Q

Force generated by an object on a muscle.

A

Load

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3
Q

Tension and load are:

A

Opposing forces

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4
Q

Mechanical response of a muscle fiber to a single action potential.

A

Twitch

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5
Q

Increase in mechanical response of a muscle fiber to successive action potential.

A

Summation

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6
Q

Maintained contraction in response to repetitive stimulation.

A

Tetanus

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7
Q

Diseased or damaged muscle fibers leak this into serum:

A

CK - serum creatinine kinase measurement

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8
Q

This is detectable in urine after crush injury, it’s toxic to kidneys, associated with ischemic disorders or extreme exertion.

A

Myoglobin

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9
Q

Records summation of action potentials of the muscle fibers in each motor unit. Abnormalities help differentiate muscle diseases (myopathy), peripheral nerve disorders (neuropathy), and neuromuscular junction disorders.

A

Electromyogram (EMG)

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10
Q

Histological examination helps define myopathic and neuropathic disorders.

A

Muscle biopsy

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11
Q

Helps determine integrity of glycolytic pathways and enzyme systems that function during intense exercise.

A

Forearm ischemic exercise test

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12
Q

Increased mitochondria and capillaries, decreased fiber diameter happens with:

A

Endurance: long distance runners

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13
Q

Increased glycolytic activity, fiber diameter, and muscle strength happens with:

A

Strength: weight lifter

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14
Q

An age-related loss of skeletal muscle, causes a decrease in strength:

A

Sarcopenia

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15
Q

Failure to generate force:

A

Weakness

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16
Q

Failure to sustain force:

A

Fatigue

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17
Q

Alterations in nerve supply or conduction:

A

Denervation atrophy, myasthenia gravis, periodic paralysis

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18
Q

Defect in muscular dystrophy

A

X-linked trait

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19
Q

Autoimmune disease that causes neuromuscular deficits, including weakness and fatigue. Caused by antibodies that block the nicotinic receptors in the neuromuscular junction and prevent excitation of muscle fibers.

A

Myasthenia gravis

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20
Q

Antibody activities in Myasthenia gravis include:

A
  1. Block nicotinic receptors
  2. Promote destruction of nicotinic receptors
  3. Induce endocytosis to reduce number of receptors on motor end plate
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21
Q

Muscles become fatigued, becoming progressively weaker during contraction and improving after rest happens with:

A

Myasthenia gravis

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22
Q

Treatment of myasthenia gravis:

A

Immunosuppressive agents to reduce autoimmune response.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors- block destruction of acetylcholine and make it available for longer time at NMJ

Thymectomy- to reduce release of T cells that promote production of autoantibodies

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23
Q

An autosomal dominant genetic disorder affecting sodium channels in muscle cells. Affects ability to regulate potassium level in blood.

A

Primary hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

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24
Q

Triggers of primary hyperkalemic periodic paralysis:

A
  1. Rest after exercise
  2. Potassium rich foods
  3. Stress
  4. Fatigue
  5. Fasting
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25
Q

Treatment for primary hyperkalemic periodic paralysis:

A
  1. Glucose or other carbs

2. Avoiding known triggers

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26
Q

Group of genetically caused myopathies with progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle fibers.

A

Muscular dystrophy

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27
Q

Most common and most severe for of muscular dystrophy:

A

Duchenne

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28
Q

Acute muscle destruction often associated with myoglobinuria. Commonly caused by extensive trauma with crush injuries.

A

Rhabdomyolysis

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29
Q

Presence of myoglobin in urine, typically associated with rhabdomyolysis. It’s a molecule in muscle fibers that binds to oxygen. It’s found in urine after muscle cells damaged.

A

Myoglobinuria

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30
Q

Causes of myoglobinuria:

A

Viral infections, heat stroke, electrolyte disturbances, mcardles disease, malignant hyperthermia

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31
Q

Poorly characterized chronic disorder associated with generalized pain, stiffness, dysfunctional sleep, fatigability. Chronic pain in muscles and surrounding structures.

A

Fibromyalgia

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32
Q

Group of defects in processing, synthesis, or breakdown of glycogen.

A

Glycogen storage disorders

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33
Q

Glycogen usually stored in:

A

Liver and skeletal muscle for energy

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34
Q

Glycogen storage disorders are:

A

Inherited disorders

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35
Q

Type of glycogen storage disorder with a defect in muscle glycogen phosphorylase. It’s a muscle energy disorder characterized by muscle pain, exercise intolerance, myoglobinuria, susceptibility to fatigue.

A

Mcardles disease

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36
Q

Glycogen storage disease with a defect in glycogen debranching enzyme. It’s a progressive skeletal weakness and atrophy and or cardiomyopathy.

A

Cori disease

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37
Q

Glycogen storage disorders with a defect in glucose 6 phosphatase. It causes growth failure and lactic acidosis.

A

Von gierkes disease

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38
Q

This is the bone shaft providing most of the length of the bone.

A

Diaphysis

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39
Q

These are the ends of the bone.

A

Epiphysis

40
Q

Mature bone cells located within the lacunae.

A

Osteocytes

41
Q

Bone-building cells.

A

Osteoblasts

42
Q

Bone-chewing cells.

A

Osteoclasts

43
Q

These are arranged in concentric circles called lamellae around central Haversian canals.

A

Lacunae

44
Q

Each complex consisting of central canal and matrix rings is called an:

A

Osteon of Haversian system

45
Q

Low calcium levels stimulate:

A

PTH

46
Q

PTH stimulates:

A

Osteoclasts that break down bone to release calcium into the plasma

47
Q

Are more flexible than other joints and are characterized by articulating bones, which are separated by a fluid containing joint cavity.

A

Synovial joints

48
Q

Bone broken cleanly and ends do not penetrate skin; closed fracture.

A

Simple fracture

49
Q

Nonsurgical realignment of broken bone ends and splinting of bone.

A

Closed reduction

50
Q

Surgical realignment of broken bone ends.

A

Open reduction

51
Q

Bone fractures into 3 or more pieces; seen in brittle bones of older adults

A

Comminuted fracture

52
Q

Bone splinters but break is incomplete; common in children.

A

Green stick fracture

53
Q

Bone breaks from twisting forces; common sports injury

A

Spiral fracture

54
Q

Repair of bone fractures happens in this order:

A
  1. Hematoma forms
  2. Fibrocartilage callus forms
  3. Bony callus forms, replacing fibrocartilage as more osteoclasts and osteoblasts move to area
  4. Bone remodeling occurs
55
Q

Increased healing time, inadequate immobilization, breakdown in hematoma formation, infection

A

Delayed union

56
Q

Failure to unite, infection, mobility.

A

Nonunion

57
Q

Union in abnormal position, compromise in function, deformity at fracture site

A

Malunion

58
Q

Rate complication of long bone/pelvic fracture. Fat globules released into circulation from stores in fractures bone. Globules attract platelets and create microemboli that lodge in small vessels.

A

Fat embolism

59
Q

Complications of fat embolism

A
  1. Adult respiratory distress syndrome
  2. DIC
  3. Cerebral edema associated with microembolic fat in brain circulation
60
Q

S/s of fat embolism

A
  1. Sudden chest pain and respiratory difficulty
  2. Mental confusion
  3. Thrombocytopenia
  4. Petechiae
  5. Fat globules in urine
61
Q

Acute and chronic pyrogenic infection of bone and marrow. Causes include direct extension or contamination of open fracture or wound, seeding from blood or skin.

A

Osteomyelitis

62
Q

Common pathogen of osteomyelitis:

A

Staph aureus

63
Q

Increased porosity of bone due to loss of bone mass. Can be caused by endocrine disorders or malignancy. Typically caused by loss of estrogen in postmenopausal women.

A

Osteoporosis

64
Q

This inhibits osteoclasts activity

A

Estrogen

65
Q

First clinical signs of osteoporosis:

A

Pain and skeletal fractures

66
Q

Inadequate mineralization of bone resulting from calcium and or phosphate deficiency.

A

Osteomalacia

67
Q

Osteomalacia causes:

A

Decreased calcium absorption from GI tract, reduced calcium intake, resistance to action of vitamin d, phosphate deficiency due to increased renal losses/ decreased GI absorption.

68
Q

Vitamin D deficiency. Inadequate calcium absorption in GI tract. Impaired mineralization of bone. Structural changes appear different in children bc of growth at epiphyseal plate.

A

Ricketts

69
Q

Chronic bone inflammation that causes softening and bowing of long bones. Rare in people under 40.

A

Paget’s disease

70
Q

Increase in osteoclasts bone reabsorption with compensatory increase in bone formation.

A

Paget’s disease

71
Q

Systemic inflammatory disease where rheumatoid factor ( antibody) reacts with a fragment of IgG to produce immune complexes. Immune complexes deposit in synovium.

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

72
Q

Most prevalent form of arthritis. Weight- bearing process, not caused by inflammatory disorder. Localized condition that primarily affects weight-bearing joints.

A

Osteoarthritis

73
Q

Superficial skin infection with vesicles/pustules that rupture and leave golden brown crust; may result in ecthyma. S aureus typical.

A

Impetigo

74
Q

Infection of hair follicles with erythematous papules and pustules. Typically caused by s aureus.

A

Folliculitis, furunculosis, and carbunclosis

75
Q

Deeper infections of hair follicle; inflammatory nodules with pustule drainage can coalesce to form carbuncles.

A

Furuncles

76
Q

Hot tub folliculitis is caused by:

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

77
Q

Cutaneous skin infection that is warm, tender, erythrmatous, rapidly spreading. Can become necrotic if untreated. Typically caused by s aureus.

A

Cellulitis

78
Q

Rare infection of subcutaneous tissue and fascia that causes necrosis. Typically caused by s. Pyogenes.

A

Necrotizing fasciitis

79
Q

Tines pedis

A

Athletes foot

80
Q

Tones cruris

A

Jock itch

81
Q

Times capitis

A

Scalp

82
Q

Tina corporis

A

Dermatophytosis of the Body

83
Q

Causes skin infection, vaginal yeast infection, and thrush

A

Candidiasis- Candida albicans

84
Q

Fungal skin infection often occurring in hot, humid climates

A

Tinea versicolor- malassezia furfur

85
Q

Superficial inflammation of skin.

A

Acute eczematous dermatitis

86
Q

Systemic exposure with drug administration such as penicillin produces eruption.

A

Drug-related eczematous

87
Q

Major classification of dermatitis caused by ultraviolet light exposure.

A

Photo eczematous dermatitis

88
Q

Classification of dermitis caused by mechanical or chemical irritants that produce eruption.

A

Primary irritant dermatitis

89
Q

Classification of dermatitis that is a heritable condition with erthematous plaques. It’s associated with family history of asthma/hay fever.

A

Atopic dermatitis

90
Q

Chronic, genetic disease of epidermal proliferation that affects all ages and up to 2.6 percent of population. Exact etiology unknown but includes genetic and environmental factors and autoimmune component.

A

Psoriasis

91
Q

Benign skin tumor where keratinocytes become raised and light brown with sharp border demarcation. Risk factors include age and sun exposure.

A

Subhorreic keratosis

92
Q

Idiopathic tumor of newly formed blood vessels. Often resolved by age 10.

A

Hemangioma

93
Q

Benign skin tumor that originate from neck of hair follicle. They are firm, raised nodule with central keratin plug. Risk factors include sun exposure and age.

A

Keratocanthoma

94
Q

Most common premalignant tumor with sharp border demarcation; rough, red, yellow, brown, or gray. Usually removed

A

Actinic keratosis

95
Q

Most common type of skin cancer. Almost exclusive to whites.

A

Basal cell carcinoma

96
Q

Malignant lesion of skin and mucous membranes. May ulcerate and metastasize. Stratum spinosum.

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

97
Q

Arises from melanin-producing cells. Highly invasive and metastatic.

A

Malignant melanoma

Patho Exam 4 (3 decks)

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