Disorders Of The Skin, Muscle, And Bone

Question 1

Force generated by the muscle on an object.

Answer 1

Tension

Question 2

Force generated by an object on a muscle.

Answer 2

Load

Question 3

Tension and load are:

Answer 3

Opposing forces

Question 4

Mechanical response of a muscle fiber to a single action potential.

Answer 4

Twitch

Question 5

Increase in mechanical response of a muscle fiber to successive action potential.

Answer 5

Summation

Question 6

Maintained contraction in response to repetitive stimulation.

Answer 6

Tetanus

Question 7

Diseased or damaged muscle fibers leak this into serum:

Answer 7

CK - serum creatinine kinase measurement

Question 8

This is detectable in urine after crush injury, it’s toxic to kidneys, associated with ischemic disorders or extreme exertion.

Answer 8

Myoglobin

Question 9

Records summation of action potentials of the muscle fibers in each motor unit. Abnormalities help differentiate muscle diseases (myopathy), peripheral nerve disorders (neuropathy), and neuromuscular junction disorders.

Answer 9

Electromyogram (EMG)

Question 10

Histological examination helps define myopathic and neuropathic disorders.

Answer 10

Muscle biopsy

Question 11

Helps determine integrity of glycolytic pathways and enzyme systems that function during intense exercise.

Answer 11

Forearm ischemic exercise test

Question 12

Increased mitochondria and capillaries, decreased fiber diameter happens with:

Answer 12

Endurance: long distance runners

Question 13

Increased glycolytic activity, fiber diameter, and muscle strength happens with:

Answer 13

Strength: weight lifter

Question 14

An age-related loss of skeletal muscle, causes a decrease in strength:

Answer 14

Sarcopenia

Question 15

Failure to generate force:

Answer 15

Weakness

Question 16

Failure to sustain force:

Answer 16

Fatigue

Question 17

Alterations in nerve supply or conduction:

Answer 17

Denervation atrophy, myasthenia gravis, periodic paralysis

Question 18

Defect in muscular dystrophy

Answer 18

X-linked trait

Question 19

Autoimmune disease that causes neuromuscular deficits, including weakness and fatigue. Caused by antibodies that block the nicotinic receptors in the neuromuscular junction and prevent excitation of muscle fibers.

Answer 19

Myasthenia gravis

Question 20

Antibody activities in Myasthenia gravis include:

Answer 20

1. Block nicotinic receptors
2. Promote destruction of nicotinic receptors
3. Induce endocytosis to reduce number of receptors on motor end plate

Question 21

Muscles become fatigued, becoming progressively weaker during contraction and improving after rest happens with:

Answer 21

Myasthenia gravis

Question 22

Treatment of myasthenia gravis:

Answer 22

Immunosuppressive agents to reduce autoimmune response.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors- block destruction of acetylcholine and make it available for longer time at NMJ

Thymectomy- to reduce release of T cells that promote production of autoantibodies

Question 23

An autosomal dominant genetic disorder affecting sodium channels in muscle cells. Affects ability to regulate potassium level in blood.

Answer 23

Primary hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

Question 24

Triggers of primary hyperkalemic periodic paralysis:

Answer 24

1. Rest after exercise
2. Potassium rich foods
3. Stress
4. Fatigue
5. Fasting

Question 25

Treatment for primary hyperkalemic periodic paralysis:

Answer 25

1. Glucose or other carbs | 2. Avoiding known triggers

Question 26

Group of genetically caused myopathies with progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle fibers.

Answer 26

Muscular dystrophy

Question 27

Most common and most severe for of muscular dystrophy:

Answer 27

Duchenne

Question 28

Acute muscle destruction often associated with myoglobinuria. Commonly caused by extensive trauma with crush injuries.

Answer 28

Rhabdomyolysis

Question 29

Presence of myoglobin in urine, typically associated with rhabdomyolysis. It’s a molecule in muscle fibers that binds to oxygen. It’s found in urine after muscle cells damaged.

Answer 29

Myoglobinuria

Question 30

Causes of myoglobinuria:

Answer 30

Viral infections, heat stroke, electrolyte disturbances, mcardles disease, malignant hyperthermia

Question 31

Poorly characterized chronic disorder associated with generalized pain, stiffness, dysfunctional sleep, fatigability. Chronic pain in muscles and surrounding structures.

Answer 31

Fibromyalgia

Question 32

Group of defects in processing, synthesis, or breakdown of glycogen.

Answer 32

Glycogen storage disorders

Question 33

Glycogen usually stored in:

Answer 33

Liver and skeletal muscle for energy

Question 34

Glycogen storage disorders are:

Answer 34

Inherited disorders

Question 35

Type of glycogen storage disorder with a defect in muscle glycogen phosphorylase. It’s a muscle energy disorder characterized by muscle pain, exercise intolerance, myoglobinuria, susceptibility to fatigue.

Answer 35

Mcardles disease

Question 36

Glycogen storage disease with a defect in glycogen debranching enzyme. It’s a progressive skeletal weakness and atrophy and or cardiomyopathy.

Answer 36

Cori disease

Question 37

Glycogen storage disorders with a defect in glucose 6 phosphatase. It causes growth failure and lactic acidosis.

Answer 37

Von gierkes disease

Question 38

This is the bone shaft providing most of the length of the bone.

Answer 38

Diaphysis

Question 39

These are the ends of the bone.

Answer 39

Epiphysis

Question 40

Mature bone cells located within the lacunae.

Answer 40

Osteocytes

Question 41

Bone-building cells.

Answer 41

Osteoblasts

Question 42

Bone-chewing cells.

Answer 42

Osteoclasts

Question 43

These are arranged in concentric circles called lamellae around central Haversian canals.

Answer 43

Lacunae

Question 44

Each complex consisting of central canal and matrix rings is called an:

Answer 44

Osteon of Haversian system

Question 45

Low calcium levels stimulate:

Answer 45

PTH

Question 46

PTH stimulates:

Answer 46

Osteoclasts that break down bone to release calcium into the plasma

Question 47

Are more flexible than other joints and are characterized by articulating bones, which are separated by a fluid containing joint cavity.

Answer 47

Synovial joints

Question 48

Bone broken cleanly and ends do not penetrate skin; closed fracture.

Answer 48

Simple fracture

Question 49

Nonsurgical realignment of broken bone ends and splinting of bone.

Answer 49

Closed reduction

Question 50

Surgical realignment of broken bone ends.

Answer 50

Open reduction

Question 51

Bone fractures into 3 or more pieces; seen in brittle bones of older adults

Answer 51

Comminuted fracture

Question 52

Bone splinters but break is incomplete; common in children.

Answer 52

Green stick fracture

Question 53

Bone breaks from twisting forces; common sports injury

Answer 53

Spiral fracture

Question 54

Repair of bone fractures happens in this order:

Answer 54

1. Hematoma forms 2. Fibrocartilage callus forms 3. Bony callus forms, replacing fibrocartilage as more osteoclasts and osteoblasts move to area 4. Bone remodeling occurs

Question 55

Increased healing time, inadequate immobilization, breakdown in hematoma formation, infection

Answer 55

Delayed union

Question 56

Failure to unite, infection, mobility.

Answer 56

Nonunion

Question 57

Union in abnormal position, compromise in function, deformity at fracture site

Answer 57

Malunion

Question 58

Rate complication of long bone/pelvic fracture. Fat globules released into circulation from stores in fractures bone. Globules attract platelets and create microemboli that lodge in small vessels.

Answer 58

Fat embolism

Question 59

Complications of fat embolism

Answer 59

1. Adult respiratory distress syndrome 2. DIC 3. Cerebral edema associated with microembolic fat in brain circulation

Question 60

S/s of fat embolism

Answer 60

1. Sudden chest pain and respiratory difficulty 2. Mental confusion 3. Thrombocytopenia 4. Petechiae 5. Fat globules in urine

Question 61

Acute and chronic pyrogenic infection of bone and marrow. Causes include direct extension or contamination of open fracture or wound, seeding from blood or skin.

Answer 61

Osteomyelitis

Question 62

Common pathogen of osteomyelitis:

Answer 62

Staph aureus

Question 63

Increased porosity of bone due to loss of bone mass. Can be caused by endocrine disorders or malignancy. Typically caused by loss of estrogen in postmenopausal women.

Answer 63

Osteoporosis

Question 64

This inhibits osteoclasts activity

Answer 64

Estrogen

Question 65

First clinical signs of osteoporosis:

Answer 65

Pain and skeletal fractures

Question 66

Inadequate mineralization of bone resulting from calcium and or phosphate deficiency.

Answer 66

Osteomalacia

Question 67

Osteomalacia causes:

Answer 67

Decreased calcium absorption from GI tract, reduced calcium intake, resistance to action of vitamin d, phosphate deficiency due to increased renal losses/ decreased GI absorption.

Question 68

Vitamin D deficiency. Inadequate calcium absorption in GI tract. Impaired mineralization of bone. Structural changes appear different in children bc of growth at epiphyseal plate.

Answer 68

Ricketts

Question 69

Chronic bone inflammation that causes softening and bowing of long bones. Rare in people under 40.

Answer 69

Paget’s disease

Question 70

Increase in osteoclasts bone reabsorption with compensatory increase in bone formation.

Answer 70

Paget’s disease

Question 71

Systemic inflammatory disease where rheumatoid factor ( antibody) reacts with a fragment of IgG to produce immune complexes. Immune complexes deposit in synovium.

Answer 71

Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 72

Most prevalent form of arthritis. Weight- bearing process, not caused by inflammatory disorder. Localized condition that primarily affects weight-bearing joints.

Answer 72

Osteoarthritis

Question 73

Superficial skin infection with vesicles/pustules that rupture and leave golden brown crust; may result in ecthyma. S aureus typical.

Answer 73

Impetigo

Question 74

Infection of hair follicles with erythematous papules and pustules. Typically caused by s aureus.

Answer 74

Folliculitis, furunculosis, and carbunclosis

Question 75

Deeper infections of hair follicle; inflammatory nodules with pustule drainage can coalesce to form carbuncles.

Answer 75

Furuncles

Question 76

Hot tub folliculitis is caused by:

Answer 76

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 77

Cutaneous skin infection that is warm, tender, erythrmatous, rapidly spreading. Can become necrotic if untreated. Typically caused by s aureus.

Answer 77

Cellulitis

Question 78

Rare infection of subcutaneous tissue and fascia that causes necrosis. Typically caused by s. Pyogenes.

Answer 78

Necrotizing fasciitis

Question 79

Tines pedis

Answer 79

Athletes foot

Question 80

Tones cruris

Answer 80

Jock itch

Question 81

Times capitis

Answer 81

Scalp

Question 82

Tina corporis

Answer 82

Dermatophytosis of the Body

Question 83

Causes skin infection, vaginal yeast infection, and thrush

Answer 83

Candidiasis- Candida albicans

Question 84

Fungal skin infection often occurring in hot, humid climates

Answer 84

Tinea versicolor- malassezia furfur

Question 85

Superficial inflammation of skin.

Answer 85

Acute eczematous dermatitis

Question 86

Systemic exposure with drug administration such as penicillin produces eruption.

Answer 86

Drug-related eczematous

Question 87

Major classification of dermatitis caused by ultraviolet light exposure.

Answer 87

Photo eczematous dermatitis

Question 88

Classification of dermitis caused by mechanical or chemical irritants that produce eruption.

Answer 88

Primary irritant dermatitis

Question 89

Classification of dermatitis that is a heritable condition with erthematous plaques. It’s associated with family history of asthma/hay fever.

Answer 89

Atopic dermatitis

Question 90

Chronic, genetic disease of epidermal proliferation that affects all ages and up to 2.6 percent of population. Exact etiology unknown but includes genetic and environmental factors and autoimmune component.

Answer 90

Psoriasis

Question 91

Benign skin tumor where keratinocytes become raised and light brown with sharp border demarcation. Risk factors include age and sun exposure.

Answer 91

Subhorreic keratosis

Question 92

Idiopathic tumor of newly formed blood vessels. Often resolved by age 10.

Answer 92

Hemangioma

Question 93

Benign skin tumor that originate from neck of hair follicle. They are firm, raised nodule with central keratin plug. Risk factors include sun exposure and age.

Answer 93

Keratocanthoma

Question 94

Most common premalignant tumor with sharp border demarcation; rough, red, yellow, brown, or gray. Usually removed

Answer 94

Actinic keratosis

Question 95

Most common type of skin cancer. Almost exclusive to whites.

Answer 95

Basal cell carcinoma

Question 96

Malignant lesion of skin and mucous membranes. May ulcerate and metastasize. Stratum spinosum.

Answer 96

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 97

Arises from melanin-producing cells. Highly invasive and metastatic.

Answer 97

Malignant melanoma