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Patho Exam 4 > Blood Patho, Disorders Of Hemostasis, Immunity, Inflammation, And Would Repair > Flashcards

Blood Patho, Disorders Of Hemostasis, Immunity, Inflammation, And Would Repair Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the hematopoietic system:

A

Transport, communication, temperature, and clotting

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2
Q

Blood is composed of:

A

Formed elements and plasma

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3
Q

Formed elements include:

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes (platelets)

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4
Q

Plasma includes:

A

electrolytes, gases, nutrients, and waste products

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5
Q

Albumin, immunoglobulin, complement, and clotting factors are these:

A

Important plasma proteins

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6
Q

This is the result of removing clotting factors from plasma.

A

Serum

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7
Q

This represents the volume of blood occupies by RBCs

A

Hematocrit

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8
Q

The process of forming erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes to replace blood cell populations that are constantly undergoing cell death and renewal.

A

Hematopoiesis

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9
Q

Hematopoiesis involves:

Takes place:

A

Cell division (mitosis) and specialization (differentiation)

Bone marrow

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10
Q

This is a continual process whereby self-renewing pluripotent stem cells develop into different cell populations in the context of environmental cues (hormones, growth factors)

A

Hematopoiesis

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11
Q

T lymphocytes and b lymphocytes are these:

A

Lymphoid lineage

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12
Q

Erythrocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, megakaryocytes that firm platelets are:

A

Myeloid lineage

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13
Q

The formation of rbcs is:

A

Erythropoiesis

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14
Q

Erythropoiesis requires:

A

Vitamin b12 (cobalamin), folate (folic acid), and iron

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15
Q

Vitamin b12 absorption requires this:

A

Intrinsic factor

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16
Q

Lack of IF results in:

A

Pernicious anemia

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17
Q

Folate and vitamin b12 are required for:

A

DNA synthesis

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18
Q

This is the oxygen-binding component of hemoglobin:

A

Iron

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19
Q

Regulation of erythropoiesis is through:

A

Erythropoietin (EPO) that stimulates bone marrow to increase RBC production in response to low oxygen.

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20
Q

A large amount of iron in the body is contained within:

A

Proteins such as hemoglobin and myoglobin

Remainder is found in ferritin and hemosiderin

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21
Q

Iron is bound to

A

Transferrin

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22
Q

Iron is largely recycled and recovered as rbcs are processed here:

A

Spleen

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23
Q

These are a type of granulocyte that are abundant, phagocytosis, immature band forms.

A

Neutrophils

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24
Q

This type of granulocyte are least abundant, mature into mast cells, are involved in allergic responses, and release histamine.

A

Basophils

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25
Q

This type of granulocyte is involved in allergic or parasitic infections.

A

Eosinophils

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26
Q

This type of agranulocyte forms macrophages, are phagocytosis, and have an inflammatory response.

A

Monocytes

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27
Q

This type of agranulocyte includes B and T cells

A

Lymphocyte

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28
Q

This is the process of forming platelets

A

Thrombopoiesis

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29
Q

These are derived from fragmentation of megakaryocytes and are important in hemostasis.

A

Platelets

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30
Q

This is a growth hormone released from the liver that stimulates thrombopoiesis.

A

Thrombopoietin

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31
Q

Refers to an abnormally low number of neutrophils.

A

Neutropenia

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32
Q

These are particularly important for fighting bacterial infections.

A

Neutrophils

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33
Q

This is an infectious viral disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus

A

Infectious mononucleosis

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34
Q

Symptoms of mono:

A

Flu-like symptoms: fever, sore throat, fatigue among adolescents and young adults. Spleen enlargement can also occur.

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35
Q

This is also typical of mono infections, especially in adolescents and young adults.

A

Lymphadenopathy

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36
Q

This virus replicated within epithelial cells, then within b lymphocytes, which stimulates t cytotoxic cells to target the infected b lymphocytes. Atypical lymphocytes are typical.

A

Mono

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37
Q

This is cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of immature leukocytes (blasts).

A

Leukemia

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38
Q

Signs and symptoms of leukemia include the consequences of this:

A

Cell deficit

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39
Q

This is characterized by a rapid increase in the number of immature blood cells and are the most common forms of this in children.

A

Acute leukemia

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40
Q

This is characterized by build up of relatively mature but abnormal white blood cells and generally takes months or years to progress.

A

Chronic leukemia

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41
Q

Type of leukemia where immature lymphocytes and their progenitors that originate in the bone marrow, but infiltrate the spleen, lymph nodes, CNS, and other types.

A

Lymphocytic leukemia

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42
Q

Type of leukemia that involves pluripotent myeloid stem cells I. Bone marrow and interferes with maturation of all blood cells including granulocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes

A

Myelogenous leukemia

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43
Q

Most common type of leukemia in young children, but can affect adults over 65.

A

ALL

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44
Q

Typically this type of leukemia is characterized by structural and numerical changes in the chromosomes within the leukemia cells such as translocations, deletions, hyperploidy, or polyploidy that likely alters the ability to regulate normal hematopoiesis.

A

ALL

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45
Q

This type of leukemia occurs more commonly in adults than children and more commonly in men then women.

A

AML

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46
Q

This is a diverse set of leukemias affecting myeloid precursors in the bone marrow and are most often associated with genetic changes that inhibit myeloid fell differentiation.

A

AML

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47
Q

In AML undifferentiated blast cells replace the normal cells within the bone marrow causing:

A

Anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia

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48
Q

This is a clinal malignancy of B lymphocytes that most often affects adults over 55 and does not affect children. It is the most common form of Leukemia in adults and 2/3s of all cases are men.

A

CLL

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49
Q

This is a disorder of the pluripotent hematopoietic progenitor cell and is characterized by excessive proliferation of marrow granulocytes, erythroid precursors, and megakaryocytes.

A

CML

50
Q

This is a specialized form of lymphoma that is characterized by the orderly spread of disease from one lymph node group to another and by development of systemic symptoms and advances disease.

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

51
Q

These are characteristic of Hodgkin’s lymphoma when examined under the microscope.

A

Multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells

52
Q

This is a B-cell cancer of the plasma cells that normally produce antibodies.

A

Multiple myeloma

53
Q

Involves prevention of blood loss from an injured vessel.

A

Hemostasis

54
Q

Hemostasis is initiated by this that may be followed by coagulation that forms a blood clot or thrombus.

A

Platelet plug

55
Q

Factors promoting normal blood flow include these that inhibit platelet adhesion and promote vasoconstriction.

A

Prostacyclin and endothelium-derives relaxing factor EDRF

56
Q

These prevent or dissolve clots that may form.

A

Heparin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and TPA

57
Q

Steps of hemostasis include:

A

Vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and hemostatic plug formation

58
Q

This is initiated by injury to vessel and exposure to collagen .

A

Platelet plug

59
Q

Platelets adhere to collagen through this, and bleeding problems can occur in individuals lacking it.

A

Von willebrand factor

60
Q

Platelet plug is limited to the injury site and undamaged endothelial cells include:

A

Prostacyclin- inhibits platelet aggregation, acts as vasodilator
Nitric oxide- acts as vasodilator
Adenosine diphosphatase- metabolizes ADP that participates in aggregation

61
Q

Conversion of the primary platelet plug into a definitive clot or secondary hemostatic plug occurs as this is formed through activation of this:

A

Fibrin and coagulation cascade

62
Q

Two pathways can lead to fibrin formation:

A
  1. Intrinsic pathway- exposure to collagen

2. Extrinsic pathway- exposure to tissue factors

63
Q

Both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways activate this:

A

Common pathway

64
Q

Common pathway involves conversion of this into this:

A

Prothrombin into thrombin

65
Q

Thrombin converts this into this:

A

Fibrinogen into fibrin monomer

66
Q

Fibrin monomer is then converted to this that stabilizes the platelet plug to form the hemostatic plug.

A

Fibrin polymer

67
Q

Anticlotting mechanisms prevent this:

A

Clot formation

68
Q

Heparin binds to this to inactivate thrombin and other clotting factors to inhibit coagulation.

A

Antithrombin III

69
Q

Fibrinolytic systems dissolve:

A

Already formed clots

70
Q

This is a molecule that is normally incorporated into blood clot structure as it forms.

A

Plasminogen

71
Q

Exposure of plasminogen to this leads to its conversion to plasma.

A

TPA- also urokinase or streptokinase

72
Q

This digests fibrin, this dissolving the clot.

A

Plasmin

73
Q

Thrombus is formed

A

Intravascularly

74
Q

Hemostatic plug is formed

A

Extravascularly

75
Q

Measures effectiveness of intrinsic pathway.

A

Activated partial thromboplastin time

76
Q

Measures extrinsic pathway

A

Prothrombin time

77
Q

Aspirin inhibits:

A

Cyclooxygenase

78
Q

Warfarin competes with

A

Vitamin k

79
Q

This is normally secreted by endothelial cells- it interacts with AT III to bind coagulation factors including thrombin and prevent hemostasis- inactivated by protamine sulfate

A

Heparin

80
Q

Occurs as a complication of diseases that accelerate clotting, causing small blood vessel occlusion, organ necrosis, depletion of circulating clotting factors and platelets, activation of the fibrinolytic system, and consequent severe hemorrhage.

A

DIC

81
Q

Is a deficiency of platelets as a result of immune system destroying its own platelets.

A

Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura

82
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder characterized by prolonged bleeding time.

A

Von willebrand disease

83
Q

Loss of stem cells or bone marrow matrix causing pancytopenia. It’s caused by autoimmune reactions, congenital, drugs, radiation. Fatal in 80-90 percent of severe causes.

A

Aplastic anemia

84
Q

Type of anemia that is common, slowly progressive, megablastic anemia- need folate for DNA synthesis.

A

Folic acid deficiency anemia

85
Q

Type of anemia that is from the malabsorption of vitamin b12- most common megaloblastic anemia; typically occurs between 50-60 years or age.

A

Pernicious anemia

86
Q

Type of anemia that is a heterogenous disorder with common defect preventing use of iron in hemoglobin synthesis even though there are sufficient iron stores. Caused by genetic disorders, toxin exposure, and infection. Classified as microcytic- hypochromic.

A

Sideroblastic anemia

87
Q

Genetic disorder, where genetic change in beta-globin that cause suckling, especially when oxygen is low.

A

Sickle cell disease

88
Q

Genetic disorders causing defect in globin chains that comprise hemoglobin. Cause hemolytic anemia. Classified microcytic- hypochromic

A

Thalassemia

89
Q

Genetic disorder that limits the amount of oxidative stress that can be protected against in erythrocytes, resulting in hemolysis. Triggered by infections, severe stress, certain foods (favs beans), or certain medications (antimalarial drugs).

A

G6PD

90
Q

Exposure to blood group antigens that are foreign and initiates formation of antibodies.

A

ABO incompatibility

91
Q

Refers to when a pregnant women who is RH negative develops antibodies against an Rh positive fetus.

A

Rh isoimmunization

92
Q

Refers to a hemolytic disease of the fetus and neonate based upon incompatibilities between fetal and maternal blood.

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis

93
Q

The most severe form of erythroblastosis fetalis associated with profound anemia or edema.

A

Hydrops fetalis

94
Q

Chronic disorder characterized by increased RBC mass, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, and increased hemoglobin levels. Typically occurs between ages 40-60. The cause is unknown but likely relayed to a stem cell defect.

A

Primary polycythemia

95
Q

Excessive RBC production due to hypoxia, tumor, or disease.

A

Secondary polycythemia

96
Q

Increased hematocrit with a normal or low RBC mass. Results from a finished plasma volume. Caused by dehydration, hypertension, elevated serum cholesterol, or iron acid levels.

A

Spurious polycythemia

97
Q

Involves a series of barriers (physical, biochemical, mechanical)

A

Innate or nonspecific immunity

98
Q

A nonspecific response to infection or injury.

A

Inflammation

99
Q

Includes antibody or cell-mediated immunity

A

Acquired or specific immunity

100
Q

The immediate and early response to an injurious agent and is self limiting

A

Acute inflammation

101
Q

Longer duration and follows a persistent, self-perpetuating course with the source of inflammation being unresolved

A

Chronic inflammation

102
Q

Are formed if neutrophils and macrophages can not destroy the microbe during the acute inflammatory response.

A

Granulomas

103
Q

Are undesirable reactions that can cause tissue injury or disease. They result from immune responses to antigens that produce inflammation and cause tissue damage.

A

Hypersensitivity reactions

104
Q

An IgE-mediated response that leads to inflammatory mediators from sensitized mast cells.

A

Type I intermediate hypersensitivity

105
Q

Involve antibody-mediated responses against the cell surface or extracellular matrix antigens that result in complement-mediated phagocytosis, inflammation, and cell injury or abnormal physiological responses without cell injury

A

Type II disorders

106
Q

Involve responses generated by immune-complexes that activate complement resulting in activation of inflammatory cells that release tissue-damaging products.

A

Type III disorders

107
Q

Involve tissue damage in which cell-mediated immune responses with sensitized T lymphocytes cause cell and tissue injury.

A

Type IV disorders

108
Q

Are a diverse group of blood cancers that include any kind of lymphoma except Hodgkins lymphomas. They are clinically diverse of either b-cell or t-cell neoplasms that may originate from any lymphoid tissues, although they most commonly originate in the lymph nodes.

A

Non-hodgkins lymphoma

109
Q

Donor and recipient are the same:

A

Autologous

110
Q

Donor and recipient are identical twins:

A

Syngeneic

111
Q

Donor and recipient share similar HLA types:

A

Allogenic

112
Q

3 phases of transplant rejection:

A
  1. Hyperacute reaction
  2. Acute rejection
  3. Chronic rejection
113
Q

Type of transplant rejection that occurs almost immediately and involves existing recipient antibodies to graft antigens.

A

Hyperacute reaction

114
Q

Type of rejection that occurs within months of transplantation and involves cytotoxic T cell lysis and activation of inflammatory responses that attack the graft.

A

Acute rejections

115
Q

Type of rejection that occurs over a prolonged period of time and is caused by fibrotic processes mediated by the cytotoxic T cells

A

Chronic rejection

116
Q

Involves transplantation of immunocompetent cells into an immunocompromised recipient. The immune competent cells attack tissues in the recipient and may manifest as skin lesions and involvement of the GI tract that can become life-threatening.

A

Graft- vs- host disease

117
Q

A group of disorders characterized by compromise to differentiation between self and nonself antigens.

A

Autoimmune diseases

118
Q

A type of primary immunodeficiency characterized by a lack of all T and B cell function and sometimes missing NK cells.

A

SCID

119
Q

This infection selectively infects and destroys the T helper cells (CD4) and co sequently compromises the ability to stimulate both antibody medicated and cell mediated immune responses.

A

HIV/AIDs

120
Q

Minimal tissue damage- tissue returns to normal in short period of time- mild sunburn

A

Resolution

121
Q

Healing process that occurs in damaged tissue in which cells are capable of mitosis- damaged tissue replaced by identical tissue

A

Regeneration

122
Q

By connective tissue when extensive damage or when cells are incapable of mitosis

A

Replacement

Patho Exam 4 (3 decks)

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