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Anatomy & Physiology II (Lab) > GI System > Flashcards

GI System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

From the mouth to anus

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2
Q

What is the function of the GI system?

A

1) ingestion of food 2) movement of food 3) mechanicals chemical digestion’s 4) absorption of nutrients 5) defecation

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3
Q

What are the layers of the intestines? -

A

1) mucosa
2) submucosa-areolar
3) muscularis external 4) serosa

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4
Q

What is the function of the mucosal layer?

A
  • lines lumen from mouth to anus - secretes mucus, enzymes,+
    hormones
    _ absorbs nutrients - protects from pathogens
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5
Q

Describe the epithelium layer of the intestines

A

Simple columnar from stomach to anus

- Oral cavity & esophagus is non-keratinized stratified squamous

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6
Q

What are the three parts to the mucosal layer of the intestines?

A

Epithelium, lamina propria, & muscular is mucosa

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7
Q

Describe the lamina propria

A

Areolar CT

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8
Q

Describe the muscularis mucosa

A

Smooth muscle- increases surface area & causes minute movement of intestinal functions

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9
Q

Describe the submucosa-Areolar CT layer

A

CT w/ vessels & nerves

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10
Q

Describe the muscularis external layer

A

2 layers of smooth muscles

  • Circular layer & longitudinal
  • Helps move food along the tract
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11
Q

Describe the serosa layer of the intestines

A

Outermost layer (simple squamous epithelium)

  • Type of mesothelium
  • All Serosa make fluid
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12
Q

What is the mesothelioma that lines the viscera called?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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13
Q

What is the mesothelium that lines the abdominal wall called?

A

Parietal peritoneum

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14
Q

How is the GI tract stimulated?

A

Thru the Vagus Nerve (in the PNS)

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15
Q

What happens when the vagus nerve is stimulated in relation to the GI tract?

A

The GI Tract stretches due to the presence of food & certain chemicals

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16
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

A bunch of intrinsic neurons found in the GI tract

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17
Q

What are the two kinds of series found within the Enteric nervous system?

A

1) Submucosal nerve plexus

2) Myenteric Nerve Plexus

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18
Q

What is the function of the sub mucosal nerve plexus?

A

Found in submucosa

- Controls glands & muscular is mucosa

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19
Q

What is the myentric nerve plexus?

A

Between circular & longitudinal muscle of the muscular is externa
- Controls the movement of the intestines

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20
Q

What are the muscles for mastication?

A

Temporal is, mass enter, pterygoids

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21
Q

How many muscles are found in the tongue?

A

9

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22
Q

What is papillae?

A

Projections that contain most of the taste buds

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23
Q

List the 4 types of papillae

A

1) Filiform
2) Fungiform
3) Circumvallate
4) Foliate

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24
Q

Describe filiform

A

Smallest papillae on dorsal of tongue to give it friction

- Does not have taste buds.

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25
Q

Describe fungi form.

A

Mushroom shaped: scattered all over dorsal surface of the tongue

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26
Q

Describe circumvallate

A

Only 10-12 near the back of the tongue (largest papillae)

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27
Q

Describe foliage

A

Along the sides of the tongue

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28
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of saliva?

A

1) Amylase
2) Lipase
3) Mucus
4) Lysozyme
5) IgA
6) Defensins

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29
Q

What is the function of lipase?

A

Digests various lipids

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30
Q

What is the function of mucus?

A

Lubricates food

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31
Q

What is the function of IgA?

A

Antibodies (found in milk)

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32
Q

What is the function of lysozyme?

A

Enzyme that kills microbes

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33
Q

What is the function of defensins?

A

Antimicrobial

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34
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands?

A

1) Parotid
2) Submandibular
3) Sublingual

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35
Q

Where is the parotid gland found?

A

In front of earlobe

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36
Q

Where is the submandibular gland found?

A

Body of the mandible

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37
Q

Where is the sublingual gland found?

A

On mandible

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38
Q

How is the sublingual gland stimulated?

A

By the parasympathetic nervous system w/ Acetylcholine as its major neurotransmitter

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39
Q

What inhabits Acetylcholine?

A

Atropine

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40
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing

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41
Q

What are the regions of the stomach?

A

Cardiac
Fund us
Body
Pyloric

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42
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

1) Activate pepsin & lipase
2) Break down CT & cellulose
3) Convert Fe+++ into absorbable form, Fe++
4) Kills ingested microbes

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43
Q

What is chyme?

A

Contents of stomach

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44
Q

What is the acidity of the stomach?

A

2-3

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45
Q

What are the cells found in the stomach?

A

Goblet/mucus cells

Parietal/Oxyntic Cells

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46
Q

What is the main function of the parietal cells?

A

Makes HCl

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47
Q

What are the steps of making HCl?

A

1) Type 2 Histamine Receptor
2) Proton Pumps
3) Chloride Shift

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48
Q

What happens when the Type 2 Histamine receptor is activated?

A

G Protein Pathway (cAMP)

- Moves proton pumps from cytoplasm to cell membrane & activates the proton pumps

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49
Q

What happens in the proton pumps?

A

Pumps H+ ions into lumen

  • Exchanges for K+
  • The H+ mixes with Cl- in the lumen to make HCl
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50
Q

What happens during the chloride shift?

A

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase makes H+ instead of removing it

  • Bicarbonate goes from cell to plasma
  • Chloride ion enters gastric lumen to combine with H+
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51
Q

How can we reduce the risk of gastro-esophageal reflux?

A

Histamine receptor type 2 inhibitors

Proton pump inhibitors

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52
Q

What does histamine receptor Type 2 inhibitors do?

A

Blocks histamine at the H2 receptors of parietal cells to decrease HCl Production

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53
Q

What does proton pump inhibitors do?

A

Stops making HCl

  • more effective than H2 inhibitors
  • Blocks H+ pump to reduce production of HCl
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54
Q

What secretes intrinsic factor?

A

Parietal or Oxyntic Cells

Allows intestines to absorb Vitamin B12

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55
Q

What does Chief or Zymogen cells do?

A

It creates pepsinogen

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56
Q

What happens to pepsinogen?

A

It turns into pepsin when in low pH

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57
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

Digests proteins into smaller peptides (still non-absorbable)

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58
Q

What does enteroendocrine cells do?

A

Makes hormones to regulate digestine

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59
Q

What hormones does enteroendocrine cells make?

A

Histamine & Somatostatin

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60
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

Inhibits gastrin release

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61
Q

What does histamine do?

A

Moves proton pumps from cytoplasm to cell membrane to activate

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62
Q

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

A

1) Duodenum (proximal to stomach)
2) Jejunum
3) Illeum (distal-attaches to colon)

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63
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Absorbs nutrients & secretes hormones

64
Q

What hormones does the small intestine secrete?

A

Secretin, gastrin, & cholecystokinin

65
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Releases bicarbonate & protease enzyme: neutralizes acidic pH coming from the stomach & attempting to enter the duodenum

66
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

Makes stomach make more HCl

-Released when stomach is becoming more basic.

67
Q

What does cholecystokinin do?

A

Causes gall bladder to release bile into duodenum of small intestine to help with lipid digestion.

68
Q

What is the function of the rugae of the small intestine?

A

Increase surface area

69
Q

What are the three kinds of rugae in the small intestine?

A
  • Plicae circularis
  • Villi
  • Microvilli
70
Q

Describe the plicae circularis

A
  • Visible to eye

- Increases SA 3x

71
Q

Describe the microvilli

A

Increases SA by 20x

72
Q

Describe the Villi

A

Increases SA by 10x

73
Q

How much does rugae overall increase SA by?

74
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  • Extramedullary hemopoiesis
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Glyconeogenesis
  • Regulates blood glucose
  • Glycogenolysis
  • Beta Oxidation
  • Cori Cycle
  • Makes LDLs & HDLs
  • Makes Plasma proteins
  • Deamination
  • Iron Storage
  • Detoxification
75
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Makes glucose from non-carbs (like proteins)

76
Q

What is beta oxidation?

A

Breaks up fatty acids into acetyl groups for metabolism

77
Q

What is the Cori Cycle?

A

Lactic acid made from muscles can be converted to usable pyruvic acid energy

78
Q

How much of your cholesterol is made in the liver versus dietary?

A

85% Liver 15% Dietary

79
Q

Where is phospholipids made in?

80
Q

What is deamination?

A

Takes out the amino group found in amino acids in order for it to be digested. The amino group is then converted into urea

81
Q

Compare detoxification between a water soluble compound and a non-water soluble compound

A

Fat-Soluble compounds bypass the liver’s detoxification process while water soluble ones are detoxified by the liver

82
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Allows digestion of fats by emulsifying them & turning the fat into small droplets

83
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall bladder

84
Q

What is cholecystokinin? (CCK)

A

Made by small intestines

-Makes the gall bladder to contract to force bile down the duodenum when fat is present

85
Q

Where are HDLs & LDLs made?

86
Q

Where is iron stored?

87
Q

What does the pancreas do in relative to GI system?

A

Produces digestive enzymes & Bicarbonate ions (exocrine function)
- This is along with hormones (relative to endocrine system)

88
Q

Where does the enzymes & bicarbonate ions get released into from the pancreas?

89
Q

What is the function of acinar cells?

A

Found in the pancreas (outside islet of langerhans)

- Makes the enzymes & bicarb

90
Q

What enzymes break down glucose that are made in the pancreas?

A

Amylase, Dextrinase, Glucoamylase, Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase

91
Q

What is dextrinase?

A

Digests oligosaccharides (3-8 glucose linked together) into glucose

92
Q

How many monosaccharides in an oligosaccharide?

A

3-8 monosaccharides

93
Q

What is glucoamylase?

A

Digests oligosaccharides into glucose molecules as well

94
Q

What is trypsinogen?

A

Becomes trypsin

95
Q

What is trypsin?

A

Found in pancreas

- Digests proteins into smaller peptide molecules (not digestable yet)

96
Q

What enzymes are found in the pancreas relative to the digestion of protein?

A

Trypsinogen (trypsin), Chromotrypsin, peptidase, carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, lipase

97
Q

What enzymes are found in the pancreas that break down nucleic acid?

A

Ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease

98
Q

What is the function of peptidase?

A

Digests peptides, so they can be absorbed (single amino acids)

99
Q

What is the function of carboxypeptidase?

A

Break off amino acid carboxyl end

100
Q

What is the function of dipeptidase?

A

Break off dipeptides into amino acid component

101
Q

What is the function of lipase?

A

Digests triglycerides into 2 fatty acids & 1 monoglyceride

102
Q

When is bicarbonate ion released from pancreas into duodenum

A

By the hormone secretin released by small intestines

103
Q

Function of alpha cells?

A

Makes glucagon

104
Q

Function of beta cells

A

Makes insulin

105
Q

Function of delta cells?

A

Makes somatostatin (inhibits growth hormone)

106
Q

What is the function of the colon?

A

Absorb water, make bicarbonate ions, has gut bacteria, makes gases (flatus)

107
Q

What is the function of gut bacteria?

A

Breaks down fibers, helps make vit. B & K, helps metabolize bile components

108
Q

What is dysbiosis?

A

Disruption of gut bacteria

109
Q

What causes dysbiosis?

A

Inflammatory diseases, infections, obesity, autoimmune diseases, & sometimes cancer treatments

110
Q

What is the breakdown of feces into % components?

A

30% Dead bacteria
30% Fiber
10-20% Fat
10-20% Inorganic material

111
Q

What is anorexia?

A

Decreased appetite

112
Q

What is bulimia?

A

Binge eating then self-induced vomiting

113
Q

What stimulates vomiting?

A

Parasympathetic NS

114
Q

What is projectile vomiting?

A

Vomiting without retching due to CNS stimulation

115
Q

What could be risk factors/causes for constipation?

A

Damage to colon, drugs, sedentary lifestyle, depression, too much calcium from antacids, iron supplements

116
Q

What is diarrhea?

A

Increased frequency & fluid content of defecation

117
Q

What are the five kinds of diarrhea?

A

Osmotic, secretory, increased motility, intestinal inflammation, & fecal impaction/severe constipation.

118
Q

Describe osmotic diarrhea

A

Hypertonic intestines with fleet phospha soda

119
Q

What causes osmotic diarrhea?

A

Due to lactase deficiency (lactose intolerence(?)

  • The lactose cannot be absorbed> hypertonic intestines > water follows
  • Eating non-absorbable syntehtetic sugars (like sorbitol **possible reason behind too much trident gum>diarrhea?)
120
Q

Describe secretory diarrhea

A

Usually due to bacterial enterotoxins (E.Coli, cholera)

121
Q

Increased Motility Diarrhea Cause

A

Fluids have less time to be absorbed

- Neuropathy & Diabetes causes: loss of motility control

122
Q

Intestinal inflammation Diarrhea causes

A

IBS (Irritable bowel syndrome), ulcerative colitis (chron’s disease)

123
Q

What are the risks of a hollow organ (intestines) being distended?

A

Creates immense pain

124
Q

What is distention?

A

Swelling by pressure from inside

125
Q

What causes distention of intestines?

A

Gas, inflammation

126
Q

What is hematemesis?

A

Blood in vomit

127
Q

What is hematochezia?

A

Apparent blood from the rectum

128
Q

What is melena?

A

Dark tarry (black) stool

129
Q

What may melena indicate?

A

Hemorrhage higher up in the alimentary canal

130
Q

What is occult blood?

A

Small amounts of blood (cannot be seen visibly without staining)

131
Q

What does occult blood indicate?

A

Slow hemorrhage

132
Q

What is gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)?

A

The acidic, gastric contents coming up into the esophagus (painful-chronic can lead to esophageal cancer)

133
Q

What is a hiatial hernia?

A

Herniation (displacement) of the gastric fundus or cardiac zone & protrudes thru the diaphragm into the thorax

134
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing: leads to increased reflux & epigastric pain

135
Q

What is achlasia?

A

Decreased muscle of the lower esophagus: leading to an accumlation of food stuck in the esophagus creating esophageal distention

136
Q

What is intussuception?

A

One part of the intestine slides into another part of the intestine

137
Q

What does intussuception lead to?

A

Strangulation of blood supply

138
Q

What is torsion?

A

Twisting of intestines

- leads to struggle for blood supply

139
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A

Inflammed herniations of colon

140
Q

Who is diverticulosis more likely to affect?

A

Obese over 70 years old

141
Q

What is ileus or adynamic?

A

Loss of motility due to surgery

142
Q

Where is a peptic ulcer found?

A

Lower esophagus, stomach, duodenum

143
Q

What is a peptic ulcer mainly caused by?

A

Smoking, NSAIDS, alcohol, rheumatoid arthritis, emphysema, cirrhosis of the liver

144
Q

Where is a peptic ulcer mainly found on?

145
Q

What is a peptic ulcer caused by?

A

Helicobacter pylori

146
Q

What is an indication of a peptic ulcer?

A

Pain 2-3 hours after eating in lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum region

147
Q

What are some inflammatory bowel diseases?

A

-Chron’s Disease
- Ulcerative Colitis
Both autoimmune

148
Q

What is chron’s disease?

A

Chronic inflammation with ulcers & scarring of the alimentary canal (especially ileum)

149
Q

What is the function of the ulcerative colitis?

A

Inflammation with ulceration & scarring of colon & rectum

150
Q

What are some potential conditions that accompany appendicitis?

A

Gangrene, perforation & peritonitis

151
Q

What is ascites?

A

Accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity

152
Q

What does ascites cause?

A

Distension (seen in cirrhosis of the liver)

153
Q

What is the cause of jaundice?

A

Liver is incapable of breaking down billirubin, so it builds up

154
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

Series of symptoms that increase the likelihood for patients to die.

155
Q

What are some signs & symptoms of metabolic syndrome?

A

Increased BP
Increase blood glucose levels
Increased body fat
Increased plasma cholesterol & triglycerides
(All increases risk of stroke, diabetes & CVD)

Anatomy & Physiology II (Lab) (3 decks)

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