GI System Flashcards
0
Q
Aluminii hydroxidum
Magnesii hydroxidum
A
A= antacids B= as weak bases reacts slowly with HCL to form magnesium chloride or aluminum chloride and water and thereby reducing/neutralizing gastric acid and reducing peptic activity C= peptic ulcer disease, GERD, dyspepsia
1
Q
Tinctura absinthii
A
A= reflectory apetite Stimulant, antiparasitic B= contains strong bitters which acts to stimulate the digestive tract by enhancing saliva, stomach acid and digestive enzyme production. (Through a reflex by stimulating the bitter taste receptors)May relieve abdominal tenderness and cramping associated with IBS or spastic colon. Also used to treat parasitic worm infections C= parasites, disorders associated with decreased stomach acidity, IBS and other functional gastric disorders
2
Q
Omeprazol (caps 20mg, 40mg)
A
A= irriverisble PPI, antisecretory B= inhibit gastric acid by blocking the H+/K+ATPase enzyme system (proton pump) of the gastric parietal cell of the fundus--> release of hydrogen is Inhibited and thus blocks the final step in acid production C= gastric and duodenal ulcers, in combination with antibiotics for eradication of Hpylori infection, GERD, zollinger-ellison syndrome
3
Q
Ranitidinum (tab 150mg, 300mg)
A
A= h2 receptor blockers (competetive inhibitors of histamine) B= reducing gastric acid output as a result of histamine h2 receptor blockade on the parietal cells. Histamine released from ECL cells is blocked from binding on H2 receptors which stimulate acid secretion and other hormones and substances (gastrin, ach) have a reduced effect on parietal cells when H2 receptors are blocked C= gastric & duodenal ulcers, GERD, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, undiagnosed dyspepsia, NSAID-associated ulcers
4
Q
Sucralfatum (tab 1000mg)
A
A= aluminium sucrose sulphate (disaccharide), gastroprotector, acid-reducing agent B= selectively binds to necrotic ulcer tissue (binds to exposed positively charged proteins at the base of the ulcers) where it acts as a barrier to acid, pepsin, and bile. May also directly absorb bile salts. Has mucosal protective functions by stimulating bicarbonate and mucous secretion and stimulation of mucosal prostanoids (enhance growth and repIr mechanisms of the stomach lining) C= peptic ulcer disease, duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, prophylaxis of stress ulcers
5
Q
Dimenhydrinatum
A
A= first generation histamine H1 receptor blocking drug (competetive antagonist), antiemetic drug B= antiemetic function from blocking H1 receptors in vestibular system of the brain and inner ear and thereby suppress nausea, vomiting, dizziness and vertigo C= treatment of vertigo, motion sickness and nausea associated with pregnancy
6
Q
Aprepitantum
A
A= selective tachykinin neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonists, antiemetics B= blocks NK1 receptors centrally in the brain (inhibits binding and CNS effects by sub P) and interferes with the vomiting reflex in the medulla C= acute and delayed emesis and nausea associated with chemotherapy (with corticosteroids and 5HT3 receptor blockers, dvs combination therapy)
7
Q
Ondansetronum
A
A= specific competetive 5HT3 serotonin antagonist, antiemetics B= 5HT3 receptor blockade in gut, extrinsic intestinal Vagal nerves and afferent spinal neves, and CNS(vomiting center). This inhibition of 5-HT3 receptors in turn inhibits the visceral afferent stimulation of the vomiting center, as well as through direct inhibition of serotonin activity within the area postrema and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. C= prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with surgery, chemotherapy and anesthetics
8
Q
Metoclopramide (tab 10mg)
A
A= dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, prokinetics, antiemetics B= within the GIT dopamine receptor activation usually inhibits cholinergic smooth muscle stimulation. By blocking these receptors, parasympathetic functions of the ️️GIT motility is restored (increase lower esophageal sphincter pressure, enhance gastric emptying). Also block D2 receptors in the chemo receptor trigger zone (area postrema) --> antinausea and antiemetic function C= emesis associated with gastroduodenal, hepatic and biliary disease, GERD, impaired gastric emptying & gastric paresis, nonulcer dyspepsia
9
Q
Ursodeoxycholic acid (ursodiol)
A
A= choletropic, choleretic agent, bile acid B= promote producing and secretion of bile and also reduces the concentration of cholesterol in bile by reducing hepatic cholesterol secretion and inhibits intestinal absorption (--> dissolves gallstones) C= gallstone treatment for patients not eligible for surgery
10
Q
Drotaverine
A
A= choletropic, cheolekinetic agent, antispasmodic, selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4 B= by inhibiting PDE4 it increases intracellular cAMP levels --> decreasing ca2+ uptake from smooth muscle cells --> inhibiting spasmodic contraction and improves leading out of bile thru the gall bladder C= functional bowel disorders and pain in renal colic, gallbladder emptying disorders
11
Q
Bisacodyl
A
A= synthetic stimulant laxative B= directly stimulate colonic nerves that will cause movement of faecal mass, reduce transit time and result in the passage of stool within 8-12 hours (increases intestinal motility). It's hydrolyzed by intestinal brush border enzymes and colonic bacteria to form an active metabolite that acts directly on the colonic mucosa to produce colonic peristalsis. Also increases water and electrolytes in feces C= relief of constipation and management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction, bowel prep for medical examinations
12
Q
Extr foliae sennae
A
A= natural stimulant laxative
B=The effects of Folium Sennae are due primarily to the hydroxyanthracene glucosides, especially sennosides A and B. These β-linked glucosides increase net secretion of fluids and specifically influence colonic motility and enhance colonic transit. The mechanism of action is thus twofold: (1) effect on the motility of the large intestine (stimulation of peristaltic contractions and inhibition of local contractions), resulting in an accelerated colonic transit, thereby reducing fluid absorption, and (2) an influence on fluid and electrolyte absorption and secretion by the colon (stimulation of mucus and active chloride secretion), increasing fluid secretion
C= chronic and occasional constipation,
13
Q
Macrogolum (polyethylene glycol)
A
A= osmotic laxative B= retains the fluid in he bowel through osmosis and change the water distribution in feces to produce a softer bulkier stool (hyperosmolarity draws water into colon) C= complete colonic cleansing before GIT procedures, chronic constipation
14
Q
Lactulose
A
A= semisynthetic(nonabsorbable) disaccharide, natural laxative B= in the colon Lactulose is broken down to lactic acid, formic acid and acetic acid by colonic bacterial galactosidse, which results in an increase in osmotic pressure. This in turn increases stool water content and softens the stool and increases bowel movements. Also binds the ionized form of ammonia (NH4+) and prevents its absorption (toxic for the human body) C= hepatic encephalopathy, chronic constipation
