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Contrast Studies > GI studies > Flashcards

GI studies Flashcards

1
Q

How much barium to give for a positive contrast gastrogram?

A

5-6ml per pound

10-12ml per kg

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2
Q

Double contrast gastrogram is performed with barium and what?

A

Air, CO2, Nitrogen You can let them drink soda

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3
Q

What do you do after you give barium and negative contrast in a double contrast gastrogram?

A

Roll the patient around

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4
Q

What is the atomic number of barium?

A

56

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5
Q

Is barium toxic?

A

Yes highly toxic however, barium sulfate is poorly water soluble and minimal GI absorption

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6
Q

What are some of the complications with barium?

A

Aspiration Granulomas in mediastinum or peritoneum Obstruction if mixed with blood.

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7
Q

Where might you see barium if if is aspirated?

A

Lung and region lymph nodes (phagocytized by macrophages)

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8
Q

What is the atomic number of Iodine?

A

53 (inert)

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9
Q

Side effects of iodinated contrast?

A

Hypovolemia Lung edema

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10
Q

Structure of iodinated contrast and what is the difference between dimer and monomer?

A

Ring type Monomer has 3 iodines in the ring Dimer has 6 iodines because it has 2 rings

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11
Q

What are the advantages of non-ionic iodinated contrast?

A

Low osmolatlity Low toxicity Significantly lower allergic reactions.

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12
Q

IV injected iodinated contrast has what type of effect?

A

CINs Anti-coagulant Bradycardia CHF in cardiac patients

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13
Q

What should you do with your kVp when radiographing an abdomen for an upper GI study?

A

Increase it by 6-8 kVp

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14
Q

What affects GI motility by?

A

Sediation GI meds Shock/dehydration Emotional stress.

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15
Q

How long should you withdraw GI meds before doing an upper GI?

A

48-72 hours

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16
Q

When should barium enter the colon in a dog?

A

after 1 hour

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17
Q

When should barium empty from the stomach in a dog?

A

1-4 hours

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18
Q

When should the majority of barium be in the large bowel in a dog?

A

3-5 hours

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19
Q

When should barium enter the colon in a cat?

A

30min - 60 min

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20
Q

When should the majority of barium be in the large bowel in a cat?

A

90 min

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21
Q

What do pseudoulcers represent in a cat?

A

GALT/Peyer’s patches

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22
Q

What effects does sedation have on swallowing studies?

A

Esophageal transit time and motility pattern (primary vs secondary peristalsis)

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23
Q

What percentage of barium should be used for an esophagram?

A

60%

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24
Q

What oblique is helpful for evaluating an esophagram on VD imaging?

A

15-30 degree oblique

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25
Q

What are the dosages for an esophagram in a dog? Cat?

A

15ml - Small - medium dog 20-30ml - Large dog 5-7ml - Cat 3-5ml - Ferret

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26
Q

What is important anatomical difference between a dog and a cat’s esophagus?

A

The caudal 1/3 of a cats esophagus is smooth muscle while the dogs entire esophagus is striated muscle.

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27
Q

What is the normal upper esophageal schinter opening time? Closure?

A

0.1 sec (very strict) 0.25-0.35 sec (very strict)

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28
Q

What is the abnormal upper esophageal schinter opening time? Closure?

A

>0.2 sec - opeing >0.35 - 0.45 sec

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29
Q

What is a double contrast esophagram and gastrogram good for?

A

Mucosal disease, vascular ring anomalies, FB

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30
Q

How much air do you ad to the stomach and esophagus for a double contrast esophagram and gastrogram?

A

10ml/kg in Cat - Stomach 20 ml/kg in dog - Stomach. 45ml/kg in a Ferret 10ml cat - esophagram 20ml small dog 30 ml Medium dog 40ml large dog

31
Q

What sedation has little effect on the GI transit?

A

Acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg IM)

32
Q

Glucagon (0.1-0.35mg IV) was commonly used to slow down gastric transient time to better assess gastric mucosa….what is a contraindication for glucagon?

A

Pheochromocytoma and uncontrolled DM

33
Q

What can be used to create negative contrast in the stomach?

A

Soda (5ml/kg)

34
Q

What are the 60% barium dose for dogs when doing an upper GI study?

A

<20kg = 15 ml/kg >20kg = 10 ml/kg

35
Q

When should radiographs be taken for an upper GI study in a dog?

A

0 min - R, L, VD, DV 15 min - R VD 30 min - R, VD 60 min - R, VD Every 30 min until barium reaches the colon

36
Q

Normal transit times for dogs upper GI?

A

30-120 min = Gastric emptying

30-120 min = SI transit

180-300 min = SI emptying

60-120 min = Barium reaches the colon

37
Q

What are the 30% barium dose for cats when doing an upper GI study?

A

12-20ml/kg

38
Q

What sedation can be used for Upper GI in a cat and ferret?

A

Ketamine Diazepam

39
Q

What is a ingluviography?

A

Cropogram - bird

40
Q

Normal transit times for cats upper GI?

A

Duodenal filling = 10 min

Stomach empty = 30-60min

SI transit time = 30-60 min post duodenal filling

41
Q

What are the idoinated dose for dogs and cats when doing an upper GI study?

A

700-875mgI/kg — then dilute with water to get 10ml/kg

42
Q

What are the air dose for a pneumocolon in a dog? Cats?

A

1-3ml/kg - Dog 20-30ml - Cat

43
Q

Normal transit times for birds upper GI?

A

Crop - Immediate

Proventriculus - 15 min

Ventriculus - 30 min

SI - 60 min

Cloaca - 180min

44
Q

What is the word for this finding?

A

Mucosal fimbriation… means two lines of contrasting colors next to eachother… This is normally seen due to dissection of barium between the villi.

Loss of fimbriation is due to villus atrophy

45
Q

Increased or decreased mucosal fimbriation was a sign of small bowel disease?

A

Suprisingly decreased

46
Q

Barium adhension to the mucosa has a tendancy to indicate what?

A

Enteritis

47
Q

Bowel spasticity tends to indicate?

A

Tumor

48
Q

What muscle is cut for treatment of cricopharyngeal achalasia?

A

cricopharyngeous m.

49
Q

Cricopharyngeal achalasia or dysnchrony is when?

A

There is delayed opening of the upper esophageal schinter

50
Q

What sedation increases GI motility in cats?

A

ketamine

51
Q

What is wrong with these intestines?

A

Nothing… This is a normal cat… called pavement stone pattern.

This intestines below are also normal and due to influence of outside pressure

52
Q

Gastrointestinal motility will decrease or increase with lymphangiectasia?

A

Decrease

53
Q

Does feces in the colon effect transit times?

A

No

54
Q

Gastric emptying times?

A

5-10h

55
Q

Fundic part of a horses stomach is known as?

A

Saccus cecus

56
Q

Cambell et al: normal horse Upper GI of a foal: How was the study performed?

A

Right lateral standing

Right and left lateral recumbent

VD in dorsal recumbent

57
Q

Cambell et al: normal horse Upper GI of a foal: What was the dose for upper GI contrast?

A

5ml/kg with 30% barium

58
Q

Cambell et al: normal horse Upper GI of a foal: what transit time allowed evaluation of the large colon?

A

Eight hours

59
Q

What anatomical structure is D?

A

Ventral colon (see the haustra)

D is specifically the diaphragmatic flexure

60
Q

What is the flow of the cecum in a horse?

A

Right ventral colon/Cecum

-Sternal flexure-

Left ventral colon

-Pelvic flexure-

Left dorsal colon

-Diaphragmatic flexure-

Right dorsal colon

Transverse colon

Small colon

61
Q

What is b, c, d, e and F

A

b = cecum

C = left ventral colon

d = left dorsal colon - always seen lateral to left ventral on VD but superimposed on laterals

e = sternal flexure

f = pelvic flexure

62
Q

Name all the labeled structures?

A

A = left ventral colon

B = Sternal flexure

C = pelvic flexure

D = Diaphragmatic flexure

E = Left dorsal colon

F = transverse colon

63
Q

How long does it take barium to reach the cecum in foals?

A

2 hours

64
Q

Where are these fluid lines and are they normal?

A

Cecum and small colon

Yes they are normal for foals

65
Q

Does sand in the colon of a foal impact barium transit?

A

No not unless impacted.

66
Q

99mTc labeled sucralfate is good for?

A

Detecting esophageal ulceration

67
Q

What sedation drugs are recommended for dogs? Cats?

A

Ace dogs

Ket/diazepam separate

68
Q

Xylazine cause what to happen with the GI tract?

A

Gastric dilation and ileus

69
Q

What is 99mTc sulfur colloid good for in the GI tract?

A

Gastric bleeding

99mTc Sulfur colloid is clearned fast from the bloodstream after intravenous administration so if there is a active bleed you will see pooling there at 10-15 min.

70
Q

What has 111In-labeled leukocytes been used for in the GI?

A

Inflammatory disease of the alimentary tract.

71
Q

What has 99mTc-albumin been used for in the GI?

A

Diagnosing PLE

72
Q

Dosage of barium enema in a dog?

A

20ml/kg

73
Q
A

Contrast Studies (4 decks)

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