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Contrast Studies > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

Is barium toxic?

A

Yes… alone but not when added with a sulfate

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2
Q

FDG stands for?

A

Fludeoxyglucose

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3
Q

Can barium cause an intestinal obstruction?

A

Yes barium can mix with blood and form a clot

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4
Q

What can happen if barium is injected intravenously?

A

can kill

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5
Q

What do you use for a celeogram and what is it used for?

A

Non-ionic iodinated contrast… looking for diaphragmatic hernia

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6
Q

What is a sign of CIN during a contrast study?

A

Persistent nephrogram phase.

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7
Q

What is an idiosyncratic reaction?

A

Non-dose dependent

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8
Q

What has higher mOsm…monomers or dimers of iodinate contrast?

A

Monomers

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9
Q

How many Iodine molecules are on a monomer of iodinated contrast?

A

3

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10
Q

How many Iodine molecules are on a dimer of iodinated contrast?

A

6

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11
Q

What type of contrast due you use for a suspected bronchoesophageal fistula?

A

Barium or non-ionic iodinated.

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12
Q

What can giving iodinated contrast to a hypovolemic patient cause?

A

Shock and death.

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13
Q

What is the atomic number of gadolinium?

A

64

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14
Q

Is gadolinium toxic?

A

If not chelated with something

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15
Q

How many unpaired elctrons does gadolinium have>?

A

7

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16
Q

Gadolinium is what type of magnetic structure?

A

Paramagnetic

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17
Q

Gadolinium cause reduction in what?

A

T1 relaxation

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18
Q

What is the atomic number for barium? Iodine? Effective atomic number of soft tissues?

A

Barium = 56 Iodine = 53 ST = 7

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19
Q

Adding pectin or carboxymethyl-cellulose to barium solution prevent what which improves what?

A

Prevents flocculation Improves mucosal detail

20
Q

Side effects of barium?

A

Leakage into the abdominal cavity or mediastinum cause fibrous and ganulomatous inflammation (also hypovolemia and hypoproteinemia) Baroliths in the colon Allergic reactions Aspiration

21
Q

What are the beads called?

A

BIPS - Barium impregnated Polyethylene Spheres.

22
Q

BIPS primary assessment is for?

A

Outflow obstruction or intestinal obstruction

23
Q

What is the difference between A and B?

A

In A flocculation (clumped or come out of suspension) has occured.

24
Q

What does adding sodium or meglumine cation to a iodinated contrast do?

A

Adds biologic stabilization

25
Q

What is the contrast agent ratio?

A

Number of iodine atoms/number of particles in solution

26
Q

What is the white arrow pointing to?

A

Chroid plexus which is normally enhanced.

27
Q

What type of non-ionic solutions have the highest contrast agent ratio?

A

Non-ionic dimers have DOUBLE the ratio as monomers

28
Q

The lowest osmolarity is seen in what type of iodinate contrast?

A

Non-ionic Dimers (290)

29
Q

What are the Ionic iodinate contrasts?

A

Diatrizoate - Urografin

Iothalamate - Conray

Ioxithalamate - Telebrix

Metrizoate - Isopaque

Hexabrix - Ioxaglate - Dimer

30
Q

What is the normal osmolality of blood?

A

290mOSm/kg

31
Q

What type of cells are created by hyperosmolar contrast solution injected intravenously (this is all contrast agents)?

A

Dessiocytes or Echinocytes

This can cause it for the erythrocytes to produce capillary obstructions. (commonly clinically silent)

32
Q

What are side-effects of iodinated contrast intravenously?

A

Reduces WBC phagocytic ability and adherence properties

Desication of the endothelium leading to possible thrombus and permeability (pulmonary edema)

Anti-ccoagulant proerties

Vasodilation and hypotension

Changes in pulse rate, respiration rate and blood pressure in 35% of dogs and cats (not life threatening)

33
Q

How does biloscopin (meglumine iotroxate) get excreted through the biliary system and not excreted by the urine?

A

It becomes more protein bound.

34
Q

Anaphylactic or allergic reactions are less common in what type of iodinated contrast?

A

NON-Ionic

35
Q

Common acute reactions in horse injected with ionic IV contrast?

A

Bronchospasms

Hypotension

Sweating.

36
Q

Contrast medium-induced nephropathy is defined as?

A

Increase in serum creatinine by more than 25%

or

more than 44umol/l or 0.5mg/dl

Within 3 days after exposure.

37
Q

Contrast reaction including CIN are more likely to occur with IV or intra-arterial injections?

A

Intra-arterial

38
Q

A persistent what is considered a sign for CIN or hypotension on contrast studies?

A

Persistent nephrogram phase

39
Q

What is a big contraindication for IV contrast?

A

Dehydration.

40
Q

How many days is it recommended to wait after giving iodinated contrast before you do a thyroid scan?

A

14 days is recommended.

41
Q

Paramagnetic ions shorten or lengthen T1/T2 relaxation?

A

Shorten

Therefore it increases T1W images and reduces T2W images

42
Q

Gadolineum has what type of magnetism?

A

Paramagnetic

43
Q

Gadolinium is inherent toxic and would cause what if not chelated?

A

Hepatic necrosis.

44
Q

What are the two categories of gadolinium contrast?

A

Non-specific extracellular

Organ specific protein bound.

45
Q

Can gadolinium be used for radiographic opacification? Why is it not the best and when would you use it?

A

Yes it can. You use it if the patient has reacted to Iodine before.

It is not the best because it only has one atom of gadolinium per molecule compared to three with iodine molecule.

46
Q

What is nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and what contrast agent is it seen in?

A

Thickening of skin

Muscle weakness

Bone pain

Seen in patients with impaired renal function with GADOLINIUM.

Can happen weeks to years after administration

Occurs mostly in linear contrast

Contrast Studies (4 decks)

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