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Human Physiology > GI: Salivary Glands > Flashcards

GI: Salivary Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three salivary glands? Minor?

A

Major: parotid, sublingual, submandibular
Minor: Labial, Palatine, Buccal, Lingual (von Ebner’s gland) Sublingual mucosae

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2
Q

Which major salivary glands have a single duct? Multiple ducts?

A

Single: Parotid and submandibular
Multiple: Sublingual

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3
Q

The Parotid (___) duct empties opposite the upper ___ molar.

A

Stensen’s; second

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4
Q

The parotid is a ___ gland that produces a ___ secretion. It is also a major source of ___.

A

serous; watery; amylase

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5
Q

What duct opens beneath the base of the tongue?

A

Submandibular (Wharton’s) duct

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6
Q

The submandibular gland produces ___ secretions that include what?

A

Mixed (serous/mucous)

water/electrolytes and mucin

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7
Q

The ___ gland’s (___) duct branches with several openings into the anterior floor. It makes mostly ___ secretions.

A

Sublingual; Rivinus’s; mucous

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8
Q

T/F. The parotid and submandibular glands are inactive at rest and the sublingual gland is active at rest.

A

False, The parotid and SUBLINGUAL glands are inactive at rest and the SUBMANDIBULAR gland is active at rest.

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9
Q

T/F. The minor salivary glands secrete mostly mucous except von Ebner’s glands.

A

True.

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10
Q

Minor salivary glands make up ___-___% of the total (___ml) saliva.

A

5-10%; 750ml

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11
Q

Which glands, major or minor, harbor lymphocytes?

A

minor

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12
Q

Von Ebner’s glands are involved with ___ by rinsing the ducts of ___ and ___ papillae.

A

rinsing; circumvallate; foliate

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13
Q

Von Ebner’s glands secrete lingual ___ to initiate fatty acid digestion that continues into the stomach. How are they these enzymes active in the stomach?

A

lipases

they are acid resistance proteins and therefore, can remain active in low pH and continue to breakdown fats

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14
Q

Describe the structures that saliva passes as it exits the salivon.

A
  1. acinus (acinar and myoepithelial cells)
  2. intercalated duct
  3. striated duct
  4. excretory duct
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15
Q

Describe the composition of saliva.

A

water
inorganic salts
organic components

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16
Q

What percentage of saliva is made up of water?

A

99.5%

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17
Q

What organic components originate from acinar cells?

A

amylase (from parotid gland - break down starch)
lipase
mucoproteins (mucins)
Proline- and Tyrosine-rich proteins (bind Ca++ and prevent it from precipitating out in saliva)

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18
Q

What organic components are not made by acinar cells?

A 
lysozymes (break down bugs)
immunoglobulin
growth factors (support tissues in mouth and GI tract)
regulatory proteins (NGF)
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19
Q

Saliva’s pH is highly buffered from ___ to ___ to avoid tooth damage.

A

6.4 - 7.4

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20
Q

Describe the salivary fluid secretion mechanism that accounts for most salivary secretions.

A
  1. Na+/K+ ATPase Pump brings more Na+ outside than inside
  2. Na+ passes inside via transporter b/c of concentration gradient. Transporter also brings Cl- and K+. This concentrates Cl- inside the cytoplasm.
  3. When the cell is stimulated, Ca++ gated Cl- channels open releasing Cl- into the lumen.
  4. Na+ in interstitium drawn between tight junctions between ducts and H2O follows.
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21
Q

Describe the alternative method that uses bicarb to cause salivary fluid secretion.

A
  1. CO2 and H2O is converted by carbonic anhydrase to form bicarb (HCO3-).
  2. HCO3- collects within the cell and transporter uses concentration gradient to put HCO3- out and bring Cl- in.
  3. When the cell is activated, Ca++ gated Cl- channels open sending intracellular Cl- out of the cell.
  4. Na+ passes between cells thru tight junctions and H2O follows.
22
Q

Describe the alternative salivary fluid secretion method that concentrates bicarb in the lumen.

A

HCO3- draws Na+ across not Cl-

  1. CO2 and H2O are converted to HCO3- by carbonic anhydrase. HCO3- accumulates within the cell.
  2. Ca++ gated BICARB channels puts HCO3- into the lumen.
  3. Na+ passes between cells thru tight junctions and H2O follows to make serous secretion
23
Q
  1. In salivary fluid secretion, intracellular Na+ is kept ___ and intracellular K+ is kept ___.
  2. Intracellular Cl- is ___.
  3. In unstimulated cells, ___ levels are low and Ca2+ activated K+ and Cl- channels are ___.
  4. Upon stimulation, ___ opens Cl- and K+ channels.
  5. ___ leaks through tight junctions to follow ___.
A
  1. low; high
  2. high
  3. Ca2+; closed
  4. Ca2+
  5. Na+; Cl-
24
Q

As saliva flows down the duct, ___ cells modify the saliva by removing Na+, Cl-, and HCO3- so that the saliva becomes ___ to plasma. In order for this to happen the saliva must be moving ___. If the gland is hyperstimulated, the saliva will be ___.

A

ductal; hypotonic; slowly; isotonic

25
Q

T/F. The tight junctions of ductal cells are permeable to H2O with a Na+ concentration gradient, however, acini are not permeable to H2O.

A

False, The tight junctions of ACINI cells are permeable to H2O with a Na+ concentration gradient, however, DUCTAL are not permeable to H2O.

26
Q

In ductal cells, the number of ___ are distributed in a polarized manner across the cell. These cells reabsorb ___ and ___ but not ___.

A

transporters; Na+; Cl-; H2O

27
Q

Describe how ductal cells work.

A
  1. ATPase pumps Na+ out of the cell into the interstitium to create a concentration gradient.
  2. A transporter allows Na+ to pass into the cell from the lumen.
  3. Cl- is brought out of the saliva into the cell then into the interstitium.
  4. HCO3- is removed from the cell and passed in the lumen
28
Q

T/F. The electrolyte composition is unaffected by flow rate in primary (acini) salivary secretions, however secondary (ductal) cells’ electrolyte composition is strongly affected by flow rate.

A

True.

29
Q

In secondary (ductal) modifications, low rate = high [___] and high rate = high [___].

A

K; Na

30
Q

What is the most abundant protein in saliva? Which glands produce it? What is its composition and function?

A

mucin
sublingual and submandibular glands
carbohydrate-rich protein
salivary visocity

31
Q

___ is predominately produced by the parotid glands and is packed in ___ granules. It is involved in the initiation of ___ breakdown.

A

Amylase; zymogen; starch

32
Q

Match:

  1. Digestive protein
  2. Immune-associated protein
  3. Calcium binding protein
  4. Growth factors

A. Lactoferrin (binds iron to keep from bac - prevents replication)
B. PRP, TRP (statherin) cystatins, histatins (promote mineralization of teeth)
C. Lingual lipase from von Ebner’s gland (fat breakdown)
D. EGF, NGF (stimulates gastric and nerve growth)
E. Immunoglobulins (sIgA)
F. Muramidase (lyse muramic acid in the cell wall of bac)

A

1 - C
2 - A, E, F
3 - B
4 - D

33
Q

How are protein secreted?

A

proteins are packed into vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and release its contents via exocytosis

34
Q

How is salivation controlled?

A

autonomic nervous system

35
Q

Cranial nerve VII (psymp) supplies what structures?

A
  1. glands of palate and nose
  2. sublingual
  3. submandibular
36
Q

What structures are supplied by CN IX (psymp)?

A
  1. Parotid

2. lingual

37
Q

What structures are innervated by the sympathetic system?

A

all of the salivary glands and blood vessels

38
Q

___ cells have contractile properties. When contracted, it’ll squeeze the acini and allow ___ to get into the ductal region.

A

Myoepithelial; H2O

39
Q

What neurotransmitters are involved in salivation?

A
  1. parasymp - ACh
  2. symp - NE
  3. others - substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) - found in sensory neurons involved in salivation
  4. others - neuropeptide Y (NPY) and calcitonin gene related peptide - influence motor neurons
40
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in salivation?

A
  1. superior solitary nucleus - impulses from the brain go down thru CN VII
  2. Inferior solitary nucleus - impulses go thru CN IX
41
Q

The reflex loop is initiated by mechanoreceptors in the ___ ___ and ___. Afferent impulses signal what nerves? Where do they synapse?

A

periodontal ligament; tastebuds

Afferent - trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal
Synapse - trigeminal, solitary nucleus
-if superior SN impulse travels down CN VII
-if inferior SN impulse travels down CN IX

42
Q

Psymp stimulation releases ___ onto the acinar cells and results in ___ plasma-like secretion.

A

ACh; watery

43
Q

ACh binds a ___ receptor, which is a GPCR, to activate PLC. PLC leads to ___ activation, which binds to the ___ ___ and opens Ca2+ channels. What does the Ca2+ go on to do?

A

muscurinic; IP3; endoplasmic reticulum

Ca2+ activates Ca2+ gated Cl- channels causing Cl- to leave the cell and enter the lumen. Na+ follows Cl- and H2O follows Na+

44
Q

T/F. Psymp secretion greatly enhances protein secretion (via beta adrenergic receptors).

A

False, SYMP secretion greatly enhances protein secretion (via beta adrenergic receptors).

45
Q

___ secretion is by PKA mediated exocytosis.

A

Protein

46
Q

T/F. Muscarinic or alpha adreneergic receptor activation causes intracellular release of Ca2+, which goes to activate K+ and Cl- channels. This causes an increase in luminal Cl- concentration and intercellular Na+ concentration. Water will follow.

A

True.

47
Q

___ is primarily used ( with some effect of NE via ___-adrenergic receptors) to open ___ sensitive Cl- and K+ channels. This will increase flow rate and lower ductal modifications.

A

Acetylcholine; alpha; Ca2+

48
Q

___ stimulated cells produce protein rich saliva through ___ mediated exocytosis via the ___-adrenergic receptor.

A

NE; PKA; beta

49
Q

What can saliva detect as a diagnostic fluid?

A
  1. infection
  2. endocrine disorders
  3. cardiovascular markers
  4. cancer
50
Q

What type of conditions can occur when saliva goes bad?

A
  1. halatosis
  2. dry mouth and tongue thickness (bulbus) with deep fissures
  3. demineralization of teeth due to lack of Ca2+ binding proteins
  4. ducts attacked by infection leading to lack of secretion and glandular swelling
51
Q

Which of the following is true about Xerostomia?

  1. it is prevalent in the aging
  2. it is caused by drug/treatment side effects
  3. it is caused by autoimmune disorders
  4. 1 and 2 are true
  5. all of the above are true.
A

5

52
Q

What type of treatment is available for patients suffering from xerostomia?

A

muscarinic (ACh) receptors (pilocarpine)

symptom management

Human Physiology (22 decks)

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