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Human Physiology > Cardio - The Vascular System > Flashcards

Cardio - The Vascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Which blood vessel contains a lot of elastic tissue?

A

arteries

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2
Q

Whose diameter is adjusted to regulate blood flow?

A

arterioles

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3
Q

The ___ serves as a physical lining that blood cells do not normally adhere to in heart and blood vessels.

A

endothelium

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4
Q

T/F. The endothelium serves as a permeability barrier for the exchange of nutrients, metabolic end products, and fluid between ___ and ___ fluid. It regulates transport of macromolecules and other substances.

A

plasma; interstitial fulid

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5
Q

The endothelium secretes ___ agents that act on adjacent vascular smooth muscle cells; including vasodilators (prostacyclin and nitric oxide) and vasoconstrictors (endothelin-1).

A

paracrine

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6
Q

In response to pulsatile contraction of the heart, what happens to the vasculature?

A

pulses of pressure move throughout the vasculature, decreasing in amplitude with distance

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7
Q

Compliance = change in ___ / change in ___.

A

volume; pressure

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8
Q

The maximal arterial pressure reached during peak ventricular ejection = ___ ___. The minimum arterial pressure that occurs just before ventricular ejection = ___ ___.

A

systolic pressure; diastolic pressure

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9
Q

Pulse pressure = ___ - ___

A

systolic pressure (SP) - diastolic pressure (DP)

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10
Q

What determines pulse pressure?

A

stroke volume
speed of ejection of the stroke volume
arterial compliance

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11
Q

Because the arterial pressure continuously changes throughout the cardiac cycle, the average pressure during the cycle is referred to as the ___ ___ ___.

A

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

This is the pressure driving blood into tissues averaged over the cardiac cycle

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12
Q

T/F. The mean arterial pressure is equal to the diastolic pressure plus 2/3 of the pulse pressure.

A

False, The mean arterial pressure is equal to the diastolic pressure plus 1/3 of the pulse pressure.

MAP = DP + 1/3(SP-DP)
or
MAP = DP + 1/3(pulse pressure)

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13
Q

The blood moved in a single heart contraction (during systole) ___ (stretches/relaxes) the arteries, so that their ___ continues to push on the blood, keeping it moving during diastole.

A

stretches; recoil

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14
Q

What are the two major roles that arterioles play?

A
  1. in individual organs they are responsible for determining the relative blood flows to those organs at any given mean arterial pressure.
  2. The arterioles, together, determine the mean arterial pressure itself
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15
Q

Flow = change in ___/___.

A

pressure; resistance

change in pressure = (MAP-venous pressure [ which is close to 0])

Therefore, Flow (to an organ) = MAP/Resistance (organ)

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16
Q

T/F. The dynamic adjustments in the blood distribution to the organs is accomplished by relaxation and contraction of circular smooth muscle in the arteries.

A

False, The dynamic adjustments in the blood distribution to the organs is accomplished by relaxation and contraction of circular smooth muscle in the ARTERIOLES.

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17
Q

Arterioles have smooth muscle cells that can relax (___) or constrict (___). The intrinsic tone is controlled by ___ and ___ controls.

A

vasodilate; vasoconstriction; local; extrinsic

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18
Q

Define active hyperemia.

A

Most organs and tissues manifest and increased blood flow (hyperemia) when their metabolic activity is increased.

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19
Q

What organs undergo active hyperemia?

A

heart
skeletal muscle (exercising)
brain

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20
Q

Increased metabolic activity of an organ causes a decrease in ___ and an increase in ___ into the interstitial fluid. Local changes cause the arterioles to ___ in order to increase blood flow to that organ.

A

oxygen; metabolites; dilate

21
Q

T/F. With flow ___, a decrease in ___ ___ ___ reduces blood flow and therefore, ___ to the organs. There is decreased ___ to the vessel walls due to ___ responses. Arteriolar ___ occurs and blood flow to the organ is restored.

A

autoregulation; mean arterial pressure; oxygen; stretch; myogenic; dilation

22
Q

Describe reactive hyperemia.

A

When an occluded vessel is relaxed, and then there is a rush of blood flow

23
Q

What controls extrinsic effects?

A

sympathetic system

24
Q

What types of receptors are found on the vasculature that respond to the sympathetic system?

A

alpha receptors will vasoconstrict to decrease blood flow to that location

25
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors leads to ___ to cause an ___ in blood flow to that location.

A

vasodilation; increase

26
Q

What are the extrinsic controls on arterioles?

A
  1. sympathetic nerves
  2. parasympathetic nerves
  3. Noncholinergic, Nonadrenergic Autonomic neurons (release NO - enteric and penile)
  4. Hormones (Epi and NE)
27
Q

What are the endothelial controls on arterioles?

A
  1. paracrine effects (vasodilators and vasoconstrictor)

2. flow induced arterial vasodilation

28
Q

Epi and NE increase heart blood flow, but they are vasoconstrictors. Why do they increase when they are vasoconstrictors?

A

Beta-1 receptors increase heart rate and increase contractility (SV via Ca2+). Therefore, it increases heart blood flow and metabolic activity of heart which causes vasodilation.

29
Q

Review Table 12.5

A

serious do it!

30
Q

What is functional hyperemia?

A

Usually the GI is under extrinsic control however after eating a meal there is increase blood flow. This is called functional hyperemia

31
Q

The skin is under ___ control except during times of intense exercise when there is increased blood flow for ___. The vessels will ___ to help cool down.

A

extrinsic; thermoregulation; vasodilate

32
Q

The ___ is the primary exchange between the blood and the interstitial fluid. Intercellular ___ assist the exchange. There walls are a single ___ cell in thickness.

A

capillary; clefts; endothelial

33
Q

T/F. Increased surface area and decreased blood flow allow for more exchange in a capillary.

A

True.

34
Q

T/F. There are many, many capillaries, each with slow-moving blood in it, resulting in adequate time and surface area for exchange between the capillary blood and the ISF.

A

True.

35
Q

What is the movement of fluid and solutes out of the blood?

A

Filtration

36
Q

___ is the movement of fluid and solutes into the blood.

A

Absorption

37
Q

Net filtration = what???

A

Net filtration = Pc + #if - Pif - #c

38
Q

Pc or the capillary ___ pressure is due to ___ ___ and causes ___.

A

hydrostatic; blood pressure; filtration

39
Q

Pif or the ___ hydrostatic pressure is determined by ___ and favors ___.

A

interstitial; albumin; absorption

40
Q

Blood pressure ___ (increases/decreases) as you move thru the capillaries. Therefore, Pc ___ (increases/decreaes) and favors ___ (filtration/reabsorption) at the venous end of capillaries.

A

decreases; decreases; reabsorption

41
Q

If an accident victim loses 1 L of blood, why would an intravenous injection of a liter of plasma be more effective for replacing the lost volume than injecting a liter of an equally concentrated crystalloid solution?

A

plasma contains proteins which increase the oncotic pressure. This will keep water in the capillary and favors absorption. Therefore, blood volume will increase.

42
Q

At rest, aprox. ___% of the total blood volume is in the ___. Sympathetically mediated ___ can substantially increase venous return to the heart.

A

60; veins; venoconstriction

43
Q

Sympathetic ___ receptors on veins cause ___, which returns more blood to the heart. The ___ system is not in veins.

A

alpha; venoconstriction; parasympathetic

44
Q

How do skeletal muscles assist venous flow?

A

venous flow is assisted by skeletal muscle pump mechanism working in combination with one-way valves.

45
Q

T/F. Alterations in “venous return” alter end-diastolic volume (EDV) and increased EDV directly decreases stroke volume and cardiac volume.

A

False, Alterations in “venous return” alter end-diastolic volume (EDV) and increased EDV directly INCREASES stroke volume and cardiac volume.

46
Q

What are three ways to increase blood going back to the heart?

A
  1. blood volume
  2. venoconstriction (increase sympathetic on vein [alpha receptors])
  3. skeletal muscle pump
47
Q

What system is permeable to all interstitial fluid constituents, including proteins, that returns interstitial fluid to the cardiovascular system?

A

lymphatic system

48
Q

What happens when the lymphatic system becomes occluded?

A

there is an accumulation of proteins in the interstitial fluid and this leads to massive edema.

Human Physiology (22 decks)

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