Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Med Surg 2 > GI & Reproductive > Flashcards

GI & Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Risk for stomatitis

A

Viral infections
bacterial and fungal infections
Alcohol, tobacco mouthwash
Chemo and radiation
Allergy
Vitamin deficiency
Systemic diseases like chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Medical management of stomatitis

A

Frequent assessment of oral cavity
Oral mouth rinses 
Topical analgesic and anesthetics
 See dentist, one month prior to chemo or radiotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Complications of stomatitis

A

Pain
Dysphagia
odynophagia (painful swallowing)


How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Assessment, findings of stomatitis

A

Dry, red, swollen and cracked oral mucosa
Mouth ulcers,
Canker, sores,
Open bleeding, mouth, sores,
Presence and inflammation, or irritant in other mucosal areas (vagina,rectum, esophagus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a hiatal hernia

A

When a portion of the stomach protrude upward through the esophageal hiatus and into the thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Risk factors for hiatal hernias

A

Obesity
Pregnancy
Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Clinical manifestations of hiatal hernias

A

Strictures (esophageal narrowing) and schatzkis rings (lower esophageal mucosal rings
Cameron lesions (single or multiple gastric you Roshan, and or ulcerations typically visualized at the level of the diaphragmatic hiatus an upper endoscopic examination

Type 1
Heartburn
Regurgitation
Chest pain
Dysphagia
Belching

Types 2
Feeling full after eating
Feeling breathless after eating
Feeling of suffocation
Chest pain that feels like angina
Increase symptoms when lying flat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Barrett esophagus?

A

With type one hernias, there is a Whiting of the Hiatal tunnel that allows part of the cardiac portion of the stomach to herniate upward with your lower stomach acids and enzymes to come into contact with esophageal tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Medications for hiatal hernias

A

antacids used to neutralize stomach acid.
Proton pump inhibitors, an H2, receptor antagonist are prescribed to to treat Gerd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Priority, nursing interventions for hernias

A

Breathlessness feeling of suffocation chest pain in palpitations
dysphagia
clinical manifestations of Gerd,
heartburn
Nausea, vomiting
Eructation (air bringing reflux material into mouth)
Iron deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Positioning for hiatal hernia

A

Position patient supine on right side and elevate. Head of bed at least 30° after meals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hiatal hernia education

A

Limit, food and substances like spicy fat foods, caffeine, chocolate, carbonated, beverages, acidic foods, peppermint, alcohol, caffeinated, beverages, and certain medication’s, like calcium channel, blockers, anti-Cholinergic medication, and smooth muscle relaxers

Encourage patient to eat meals two hours before lying supine

Educate patient to wear nonrestrictive clothing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Risk factors associated with Gerd

A

Hiatal hernia
LES hypotension
Loss of esophageal motility
Increase compliance of hiatal canal
Increase states of gastric secretion
Eating large meals
Delete emptying of gastric contents
Obesity
Ascites
Type belts are girls
Presence of NG tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pathophysiology of Gerd

A

Retrograde flow of G.I. contents into the esophagus, resulting in inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Medication is used to treat Gerd

A

Antacids(decrease gastric pH)
Histamine receptor antagonist (decrease gastric acid, production, short acting)
Prokinetic medication’s (increase, gastric emptying)
Proton pump, inhibitors (decrees, gastric acid, production, long lasting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Clinical manifestations of Gerd

A

Heartburn (dyspepsia)
Severe apical chest pain
Odynphagia (painful swallowing)
Hemorrhage
Dental caries
Aspiration, pneumonia
Chronic cough
Morning hoarseness
Adult onset asthma
Laryngitis
Pharyngitis
Bronchitis
Regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Client education for Gerd

A

Limit irritating foods
Avoid smoking and alcohol
Avoid NSAIDS and aspirin
Encouraged to eat meals two hours before lying supine
Wear nonrestrictive clothing
Maintain ideal body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Risk factors for oral cancer

A

Habitual tobacco/alcohol use
Poor oral hygiene
Mechanical irritation, from dental appliances
Use of mouthwash, with high alcohol Content
Herpes Symplex virus
Human papillomavirus
Mutations
Abnormalities, such as nonhealing ulcers,leukoplakia (white patches) or erythroplakia (red patches)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Clinical manifestations of oral cancer

A

Oral bleeding
Raised area on the lip or in mouth
Oral answer it with poorly defined margins. Mucosal lesions are nodules. White and or red patches in the oral cavity
Increasing pain that radiates to the era neck
Dysarthria (difficulty speaking)
Dysphagia
Difficulty chewing
Oral factor
Regional lymph node involvement
Weight loss
Poor fitting dentures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pathophysiology of oral trauma

A

Injury to specific bones of the face, including nasal mandibular and maxillary fractures, as well as soft tissue injuries in and around the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Risk associated with oral trauma

A

Partial or complete airway occlusion

Because of rich blood supply to face, patient is at risk for significant blood loss with oral hemorrhage. This confer the compromise the airway.

Aspiration of teeth

Infection

Inability to consume adequate nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Clinical manifestations of oral trauma

A

Increased respiratory rate
Stridor
Shortness of breath
Decreased oxygen saturation
HyperCarbia (elevated CO2 levels)
elevated heart rate
Changes in level of consciousness
Oral bleeding
Swelling and edema
Loss of teeth
Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is acute gastritis

A

Characterized by an acute mucosal, inflammatory process that may be accompanied by hemorrhage into the mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Causes of acute gastritis

A

Traumatic injuries : burns, severe infection, hepatic, renal, respiratory failure, or major surgeries

Chronic ingestion of irritating, food and alcohol

H. pylori

NSAIDs

Crohn’s disease

TB

Bile reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Clinical manifestations of gastritis
Epigastric pain Nausea, vomiting Weight loss, Decreased appetite, Changes in color of stool Pain exacerbated with indigestion of spicy foods,
26
Signs and symptoms of ulcers
Burning epigastric pain, aggravated by fasting and improved with food, or an acid is a symptom of duodenal ulcer With a gastric ulcer, pain is triggered or worsen by eating, usually occurring shortly after meals with little or no relief from antacids
27
Hematemesis
Vomiting of red blood, and indicates upper G.I. bleeding
28
Helicobacter pylori puts pt at risk for
Gastritis Peptic ulcer disease Gastric cancer
29
Treatment of H. pylori
Proton pump inhibitor plus 2 antibiotics
30
Risk for hernias
Obesity Smoking Excessive wound tension Malnutrition Pregnancy Certain medication, such as immunosuppressive agents
31
What is a strangulated hernia
When blood supply is obstructed and patient shows signs of intestinal obstruction
32
Clinical manifestations of hernias
Bulging or swelling outside of hernia Ache that radiates in the area of hernia Feelings of fullness or pressure in the area of hernia
33
Clinical manifestations, of strangulated or incarcerated hernia
Patient may present with engorgement of the hernia nausea, vomiting, and abdominal distention
34
Priorities for hernias
Discourage coughing Avoid heavy, lifting for several weeks Pain management Observe incision for signs of infection
35
What is IBS characterized as
Areas of bowel spasm, and dilation
36
Possible causes of IBS
Gastrointestinal motility Visceral hypersensitivity Intestinal inflammation Post infection Bacterial overgrowth Food sensitivity Carbohydrate, malabsorption Gluten sensitivity Genetics Psychosocial dysfunction
37
IBS signs and symptoms
Lower left quadrant pain Abdominal distention alternating bouts of diarrhea and constipation Pain increasing after eating, and is relieved with bowel movements Patient may become anorexic with notable weight loss
38
Medications used for IBS treatment
Anti-spasmodic agents- dicyclomine (bent to, antipas) Antidiarrheals - loperamide (Imodium) , diphenoxylate hydrochloride (lomotil) Guanylate Cyclades agonists - linaclotide (linzess) Serotonerguc agents tegaserod (zelnorm) in females Alosetron (lotronex) for females Selective type two chloride channel activator-lubiprostone for women Antidepressants SSRIs -paroxetine, fluoxetine (Prozac); sertraline (Zoloft) Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) -amitriptyline (elavil); impramine (trofranil) ; nortriptyline (pamelor); desipramine (norpramin)
39
What is ulcerative colitis
Chronic inflammatory disease that causes inflammation in the digestive tract Affects the large intestine, and involves only the mucosa and submucosa
40
Priority for ulcerative colitis
Fluid and electrolyte management Rest frequently
41
Treatment for ulcerative colitis
Patients who is medical management has failed or who have had experience complications, my undergo a colonectomy, and be cured of the disease, but not of the extraintestinal manifestations Example excessive, long-term side effects of high-dose corticosteroids
42
Patho Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix
43
Signs/symptoms of appendicitis
Periumblilical abdominal pain Anorexia Nausea and vomiting Pain shifted to the right lower quadrant of the abdomen with progression (McBurney’s point)!!! Elevated WBC greater than 20,000 MM3 sign of perforation which exhibit signs of sepsis, including elevated temperature, tachycardia and decrease blood pressure
44
What is rovsings sign
Presents when palpation of the left lower quadrant of the abdomen elicits pain in the right lower quadrant -sign of appendicitis
45
Testing for appendicitis
Clinical presentation in specific physical assessment findings Maybe an ultrasound CT scan most common CBC and Serum electrolytes
46
Risk for colorectal cancer
Family history History adenomatous polyps IBD for 10 years or more Lynch syndrome Physical inactivity Obesity, high fat diet Cigarette use Alcohol intake In adequate intake of fruits and vegetables Type two diabetes Age Industrialized countries
47
Clinical manifestations of colorectal cancer
Ascending colon vague, abdominal pain, and or cramping change in bowel habits, anemia, and fatigue Transverse colon pain, obstruction change in bowel habits, anemia, and fatigue Descending colon pain change in bowel habits, bright, red bloody stool, and obstruction Rectum blood in stool change in bowel habits, rectal discomfort and feeling of incomplete evacuation
48
Screenings for colorectal cancer
Colonoscopy
49
What is Crohn’s disease?
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the digestive track from mouth to anus, most common terminal ileum and colon
50
What is hepatitis?
Inflammation of the liver cells, most commonly caused by a virus that impairs its ability to function normally Women’s the ability of the liver to detoxify substances limits the production of proteins in clotting factors in alters the ability to store, vitamins, fats, and sugars
51
Route of transmission for hepatitis A
Fecal, oral contaminated, water, or food
52
Route of transmission for hepatitis B
Pre-cutaneous or mucosal Blood body, fluids, needles, or sharp instruments
53
Clinical manifestations of hepatitis
Abdominal pain Irritability pruritus (itching) Malaise Fever Nausea, vomiting Jaundice Laboratory, abnormalities; elevated liver enzymes AST; alanine transaminase ALT; elevated bilirubin; elevated serum ammonia, and decreased albumin
54
What is urticaria
Pale red, raised bumps on the skin Associated w viral hepatitis
55
What is hepatosplenomegaly
Enlarged liver= hepatomegaly Enlarged spleen= splenomegaly Associated w viral hep A
56
Hemochromatosis
Excess build up of iron in the body associated w liver cancer
57
Hepatic encephalopathy
Loss of brain function when a damaged liver doesn’t remove toxins from blood
58
Calculous cholecystitis
w gallstones
59
Acalculous cholecystitis
Without stones
60
Murphy’s sign
-pain while palpating RUQ upon deep inspiration - may be noted in cholecystitis
61
Cullens sign
-periumbilical bruising -associated w acute pancreatitis -indicate retroperitoneal hemorrhage
62
Greys Turners sign
-flank bruising -associated w acute pancreatitis -can indicate retroperitoneal hemorrhage
63
S/s of bowel obstruction
Vomiting undigested food or decal matter
64
Sign of bowel perforation post endoscopy
High fever (Emptying waste into abdominal cavity = peritonitis= sepsis)
65
What is checked for nutritional status
Albumin and prealbumin
66
McBurney’s point
Lower Right quadrant pain in cases of acute appendicitis

Med Surg 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions