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NPTE Other systems > GI Patho > Flashcards

GI Patho Flashcards

1
Q

What is C. diff?

A

infectious bacteria that can result in life-threatening diarrhea

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2
Q

symptoms of C. diff

A

watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea and belly pain and tenderness

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3
Q

precautions for C. diff

A

contact (hand-washing, gown, gloves)

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4
Q

Obstipation

A

intractable constipation w/ resulting fecal impaction or inability to pas gas and retention of hard, dry, stools in the rectum and colon

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5
Q

Where can constipation refer pain to?

A

abdomen, anterior hip, groin or thigh

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6
Q

anorexia

A

loss of appetite w/ an inability to eat

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7
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

prolonged loss of appetite and inability to eat

concerns: nutritional and electrolyte imbalance causing cardiac arrhythmia and neuropathy

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8
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty in swallowing

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9
Q

achalasia

A

lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax and food is trapped in the esophagus

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10
Q

vomit that looks like coffee grounds

A

consistent w/ gastric ulcer, gastritis or esophageal cancer

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11
Q

bright red blood in stool

A

lower colon/rectum disorders

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12
Q

tarry or dark stool

A

upper digestive tract disorders

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13
Q

referred pain pattern: esophagus

A

midback, midthoracic spine pain

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14
Q

referred pain pattern: liver, diaphragm, pericardium

A

shoulder

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15
Q

referred pain pattern: gallbladder, stomach, pancreas or small intestine

A

midback and scapula

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16
Q

referred pain pattern: colon, appendix or pelvic viscera

A

pelvis, low back or sacrum

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17
Q

Characteristics of hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver

viral or bacterial infection, chemical agents, autoimmune or biliary cirrhosis and metabolic disorders

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18
Q

hepatitis A transmission

A

fecal-oral route

contaminated food or water or person-to-person contact

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19
Q

hepatitis B transmission

A

blood, body fluids or body tissues

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20
Q

hepatitis A severity

A

acure = mild to severe

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21
Q

hepatitis B severity

A

mild (acute) to severe

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22
Q

hepatitis C transmission

A

same as HBV (blood, body fluids or body tissue)

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23
Q

hepatitis D

A

dependent upon having hep B

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24
Q

Hepatitis D prognosis

A

poot, often present w/ liver failure

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25
Q

Initial signs of Hepatitis

A

preicteric phase

low-grade fever
anorexia
nausea
vomitting
diarrhea
fatigue
malaise
headache
abdominal tenderness
myalgia and arthralgia
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26
Q

Jaundice phase of Hepatitis

A

icteric phase

fever
jaundice
enlarged liver w/ tenderness
abatement of earlier symptoms
amber-colored or dark urine
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27
Q

elevated lab values w/ Hepatitis

A

hepatic transaminases and bilirubin

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28
Q

Cirrhosis

A

irreversible chronic injury of the hepatic parenchyma as a result of chronic hepatitis

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29
Q

clinical presentation of Cirrhosis

A 
jaundice
peripheral edema
Dupuytren's contracture
palmar erythmea
angiomas
hepatomegaly
splenomegaly
ascites
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30
Q

hepatic encephalopathy

A

neuropsychiatric abnormalities w/ personality changes. etc

asterisks (liver flap)

Lactulose

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31
Q

cholelithiasis

A

(gallstones)

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32
Q

biliary colic

A

if gallstones block the common bile duct

pain in RUQ w/ radiation to R scapula

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33
Q

cholecystitis

A

partial or complete obstruction of the common bile duct resulting in inflammation of the gallbladder

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34
Q

signs and symptoms of cholecystitis

A

severe RUQ pain radiating to R scapular

nausea, vomiting, low grade fever possible

(+) Murphy’s sign

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35
Q

Murphy’s sign

A

palpate near R subcostal margin as pt takes deep breath

pain= (+)

36
Q

acute pancreatitis cause

A

gallstones, alcoholism, substance abuse

37
Q

characteristics of acute pancreatitis

A

“band-like” pain that radiates to the back and is worse in supine

hypotension, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting

38
Q

characteristics of chronic pancreatitis

A

epigastric and LUQ pain

anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, flatulence, weight loss and steatorrhea (greasy stools)

39
Q

What is GERD caused by?

A

reflux or backward movement of gastric contents of the stomach into the esophagus, producing heartburn

40
Q

what does GERD result from?

A

failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to regular flow of food from the esophagus into the stomach
increased gastric pressure

41
Q

What contributes to anti reflux function?

A

lower esophagus, diaphragm and oblique muscles

42
Q

respiratory symptoms with GERD

A

wheezing and chronic cough, hoarseness

43
Q

complications from GERD

A

strictures (narrowing) and Barret’s esophagus (a precancerous state)

44
Q

which positions should you avoid with GERD?

A

full supine or exercises (jogging, jumping) that exacerbate symptoms

45
Q

hiatal hernia

A

protrusion of the stomach upward through the diaphragm or displacement of both the stomach and the gaastroesophageal junction upward into the thorax

46
Q

symptoms of hiatal hernia

A

heartburn from GERD

47
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of the stomach mucosa

48
Q

What is acute gastritis caused by?

A

severe burns, aspirin or NSADs, corticosteroids, food allergies or viral or bacterial infections

hemorrhagic bleeding can occur

49
Q

symptoms of gastritis

A

anorexia
nausea
vomiting
pain

50
Q

When does chronic gastritis occur?

A

peptic ulcer, bacterial infection from H.pylori, stomach cancer, pernicious anemia ro autoimmune disease (thyroid disease, Addison’s disease)

51
Q

peptic ulcer disease

A

ulcerative lesions that occur in the upper GI tract in areas exposed to acid-pepsin secretions

52
Q

what is peptic ulcer disease caused by?

A

bacterial infection (H.pylori), aspirin (acetylsalicylic aspirin) and NSAID, excessive secretion of gastric acids, stress and heredity

53
Q

symptoms of peptic ulcer disease

A

epigastric pain described as gnawing, burning or crap-like

pain aggravated by position change and absence of food in stomach

relieved by foods and antacids

54
Q

complications of peptic ulcer disease

A

hemorrhage

55
Q

symptoms of hemorrhage

A

weakness, dizziness and signs of circulatory shock

56
Q

Location of pain from peptic ulcers on post wall of stomach

A

radiating back pain

radiates to R shoulder

57
Q

Malabsorption Syndrom

A

problems in intestinal absorption of nutrients

58
Q

what can Malabsorption Syndrome be caused by?

A

gastric or small bowel resection (short-gut syndrome)

CF, celiac, Chron’s chronic pancreatitis and pernicious anemia, NSAIDs

59
Q

symptoms of Malabsorption Syndrome

A 
anorexia
weight loss
abdominal bloating
pain and cramps
indigestion
steatorrhea
diarrhea
60
Q

What can Malabsorption syndrome produce?

A

iron-deficiency anemia and easy bruising and bleeding due to lack of Vitamin K

muscle weakness and fatigue due to lack of nutrients

bone loss, pain and predisposition to develop fx

neuropathy and other neuro signs

muscle spasms

peripheral edema

61
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease

A

refers ro Chron’s and ulcerative colitis

62
Q

symptoms of Inflammatory bowel disease

A

abdominal pain
frequency attacks of diarrhea
fecal urgency
weight loss

63
Q

red flags w/ Inflammatory bowel disease

A

jt pain and skin rashes can occur- pain referred to low back

intentional obstruction and corticosteroid toxicity

intestinal absorption is dirstupted

Chronic IBD can lead to anxiety and depression

64
Q

Chron’s disease

A

granulomatous inflammation that occurs in GI tract

skip lesions (area of adjacent normal tissue) are present

65
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

ulcerative and exudative inflammation of large intestine and rectum

bloody diarrhea, mucus and pus

no skip lesions

66
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome

A

abnormally increased motility of small and large intestines

67
Q

symptoms of IBS

A

persistent or recurrent abdominal pain that is relieved with defecation

constipation or diarrhea
bloating
abdominal cramps
flatulence
nausea
anorexia
68
Q

diverticular disease

A

pouch-like herniations of the mucosal layer of the colon

69
Q

diverticulosis

A

pouch-like herniations of the colon (sigmoid)

70
Q

symptoms of diverticulosis

A

minimal

can include rectal bleeding

71
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflammation of one or more diverticulitis

72
Q

symptoms of diverticulitis

A

pain and cramping the the LLQ, nausea, vomiting, slight fever, and elevated WBC

may complain of back pain

73
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the vermiform appendix

74
Q

Blumberg’s sign

A

rebound tenderness

75
Q

symptoms of appendicitis

A

abrupt pain localized to epigastric of periumbilical area

rebound tenderness (Blumberg’s sign

Point tenderness at McBurney’s pt

Rovsing;s sign pain in RLQ

Obtrutator sign

Markle’s sign

(+) psoas test

76
Q

Rovsing’s sign

A

when pressure is put on LLQ, pain in RLQ occurs

77
Q

Obturator sign

A

RLQ pain w/ ER and flex to 90 of R hip w/ 90 deg of knee flexion

indicative of inflammation of the sheath of the obturator nerve

78
Q

Markle’s sign

A

pain elicited in the RLQ when a pt drops from standing on toes to the heels with a jarring landing

79
Q

elevations in WBC greater than _____ is indicative of ____

A

> 20,000/mm3 = perforation

80
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum

81
Q

what does peritonitis result from?

A

bacterial invasion and infection of the peritoneum

E.coli, bactericides, fusobacterium and streptococci

82
Q

symptoms of peritonitis

A

abdominal distension, severe abdominal pain, rigidity from reflex, guarding, rebound tenderness, decreased of absent bowel sounds, cause and vomiting, tachycardia

elevated WBC, fever, electrolyte imbalance and hypotension common

83
Q

Psoas sign

A

pain in RLQ w/ hip extension from inflammation of the peritoneum overlying the poses muscle

84
Q

rectal fissure

A

tear or ulceration of the lining of the anal canal

85
Q

contributing factors to rectal fissures

A

constipation nd large, hard stools

86
Q

hemorrhoids

A

varicosities in the lower rectum or anus caused by congestion of the veins in the hemorrhoidal plexus

87
Q

symptoms of heorrhoids

A

local irritation, pain, rectal itching

NPTE Other systems (5 decks)

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