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Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is diabetes caused by?

A

deficiency or absence of insulin secretion by the beta cells or by defects of the insulin receptors

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2
Q

What does diabetes cause?

A

abnormally high level of sugar or glucose in the blood

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3
Q

Characteristics of Type I diabetes

A

decreases in size and # of islet cells resulting in absolute deficiency in insulin secretion

Occurs in children and young adults

abrupt onset of symptoms

insulin dependent

prone to keto acidosis

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4
Q

etiology of Type I diabetes

A

cause by autoimmune abnormalities, genetic causes or environmental causes

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5
Q

Insulin-dependent

A

requires insulin delivery

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6
Q

Type 2 diabetes characteristics

A

gradual onset

not insulin dependent

not prone to ketoacidosis

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7
Q

etiology of type 2

A

progressive disease caused by a combination of:
insulin resistance
progressive decline in pancreatic insulin production
excessive hepatic glucose production
inappropriate glucagon secretion

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8
Q

risk factors for Type 2 DM

A

linked to obesity and older adults (>45)
Family hx of diabetes
unhealthy eating
lack of physical activity

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9
Q

secondary diabetes

A

associated with other conditions, endocrine disease, drugs and chemical agents

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10
Q

other conditions associated w/ secondary DM

A

pancreatic disease or removal of pancreatic tissue

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11
Q

endocrine disease associated w/ secondary DM

A

acromegaly
Cushing’s syndromes
pheochromocytoma

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12
Q

drugs associated w/ secondary DM

A

somem dieuretics
diazoxide
glucocorticoids
levodopa

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13
Q

gestational DM

A

glucose intolerance w/ pregnancy

most likely in 3rd trimester

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14
Q

prediabetes

A

impaired glucose intolerance w/ abnormal response to oral glucose test

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15
Q

signs and symptoms of DM

A 
hyper glycemia
glycosuria
polyuria
polydispsia
polyphasic
unexplained weight loss
fatigue
blurred vision, headaches
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16
Q

gycosuria

A

elevated sugar in urine

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17
Q

polyuria

A

excessive exertion of urine

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18
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

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19
Q

polyphagia

A

excessive hunger

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20
Q

Microvascular disease compilations of DM

A

retinopathy
renal disease
polyneuropathy

21
Q

macrovascular disease compilations of DM

A

dyslipidemia (accelerated atherosclerosis)

CVA, stroke
MI
Peripheral artery disease

22
Q

integumentary compilations of DM

A

degenerative connective tissue changes
slow healing of sores or cuts
anhidrosis
increased risk of ulcers, infections

23
Q

MSK compilations of DM

A

jt stiffness and increased risk of contractures

increased risk of adhesive capsulitis of shoulder, tenosynovitis, plantar fascitis

24
Q

neuromuscular compilations of DM

A

diabetic polyneuropathy
diabetic autonomic neuropathy
manoneuropathies
entrapment neuropathie

25
diabetic polyneuropathy
symmetrical numb and tingling of hands and feet (stocking glove) distal to proximal altered sensation and motor weakness
26
diabetic autonomic neuropathy
cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy integumentary GI metabolic
27
cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy
resting tachycardia exercise intolerant w/ abnormal HR, BP and CO responses exercise induced hypoglycemia postural hypotension
28
integumentary w/ diabetic autonomic neuropathy
anhidrosis (inability to sweat normally) abnormal sweating dry skin heat intolerance
29
GI w/ diabetic autonomic neuropathy
gastroparesis GERD diarrhea constipation
30
metabolic w/ diabetic autonomic neuropathy
abnormal or delayed responses to hypoglycemia | lack of awareness of hypoglycemia
31
mononeuropathies
focal nerve damage resulting from vasculitis w/ ischemia and infarction
32
entrapment neuropathies
resulting form repetitive trauma to superficial nerves
33
kidney complications w/ DM
kidney failure
34
vision complications w/ DM
diabetic retinopathy | diabetic macular edema
35
liver complications w/ DM
fatty liver disease (steatosis
36
Diagnostic criteria for DM (all)
``` symptoms of DM casual plasma glucose concentration >200mg/dL fasting plasma glucose >126mg/dL 2 hr postload glucose >200mg/dL A1c > or equal 6.5% (prediabetes A1C= 5.7-6.4%) ```
37
exercise prescriptions for CV traingin
intensity: 50-80% VO2max or HRR corresponding to RPE of 12-16 on Borg frequency: 3-7days/week duration: 20-60min type: rhythmic, large muscle activities
38
exercise prescriptions for resistance training
frequency: 2-3 days/week intensity: resistance 60-80% one rep max, 2-3 sets of 8-12 repetitions Type: multijoint exercises of major muscle groups
39
hypoglycemia
glucose <70mg/dL or rapid drop in glucose
40
early signs of hypoglycemia
``` pallor shakiness/trembling sweating excessive hunger tachycardia and palpitations fainting or feeling faint dizziness fatigue and weakness poor coordination and unsteady gait ```
41
later signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia
``` nervousness and irritability headache blurred or double vision slurred speech drowsiness inability to concentrate, confusion, delusions loss of consciousness and coma ```
42
response to hypoglycemia
give pt sugar
43
hyperglycemia
>300mg/dL
44
signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia
``` weakness increased thirst dry mouth frequent, scant urination decreased appetite, nausea/vomiting, abdominal tenderness dulled senses, confusion, diminished reflexed, paresthesias flushed, signs of dehydration deep, rapid respirations rapid and weak pulse fruity odor to breath hyperglycemic comes ```
45
should you exercise w/o eating at least 2 hours before exercise?
no
46
Should you inject short-acting insulin in exercising muscles or sites close to exercising muscles? Why?
no b/c insulin is absorbed more quickly abdominal injection
47
exercise precautions w/ retinopathy
avoid exercises that drastically increase BP (>170mmHg) | avoid pounding or jarring activities
48
what is autonomic nephropathy associated w/?
sudden death and silent ischemia monitor for signs of silent ischemia
49
exercise precautions w/ nephropathy
limit exercise to low to mod intensities

NPTE Other systems (5 decks)

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