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NPTE Other systems > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is diabetes caused by?

A

deficiency or absence of insulin secretion by the beta cells or by defects of the insulin receptors

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2
Q

What does diabetes cause?

A

abnormally high level of sugar or glucose in the blood

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3
Q

Characteristics of Type I diabetes

A

decreases in size and # of islet cells resulting in absolute deficiency in insulin secretion

Occurs in children and young adults

abrupt onset of symptoms

insulin dependent

prone to keto acidosis

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4
Q

etiology of Type I diabetes

A

cause by autoimmune abnormalities, genetic causes or environmental causes

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5
Q

Insulin-dependent

A

requires insulin delivery

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6
Q

Type 2 diabetes characteristics

A

gradual onset

not insulin dependent

not prone to ketoacidosis

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7
Q

etiology of type 2

A

progressive disease caused by a combination of:
insulin resistance
progressive decline in pancreatic insulin production
excessive hepatic glucose production
inappropriate glucagon secretion

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8
Q

risk factors for Type 2 DM

A

linked to obesity and older adults (>45)
Family hx of diabetes
unhealthy eating
lack of physical activity

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9
Q

secondary diabetes

A

associated with other conditions, endocrine disease, drugs and chemical agents

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10
Q

other conditions associated w/ secondary DM

A

pancreatic disease or removal of pancreatic tissue

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11
Q

endocrine disease associated w/ secondary DM

A

acromegaly
Cushing’s syndromes
pheochromocytoma

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12
Q

drugs associated w/ secondary DM

A

somem dieuretics
diazoxide
glucocorticoids
levodopa

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13
Q

gestational DM

A

glucose intolerance w/ pregnancy

most likely in 3rd trimester

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14
Q

prediabetes

A

impaired glucose intolerance w/ abnormal response to oral glucose test

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15
Q

signs and symptoms of DM

A 
hyper glycemia
glycosuria
polyuria
polydispsia
polyphasic
unexplained weight loss
fatigue
blurred vision, headaches
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16
Q

gycosuria

A

elevated sugar in urine

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17
Q

polyuria

A

excessive exertion of urine

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18
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

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19
Q

polyphagia

A

excessive hunger

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20
Q

Microvascular disease compilations of DM

A

retinopathy
renal disease
polyneuropathy

21
Q

macrovascular disease compilations of DM

A

dyslipidemia (accelerated atherosclerosis)

CVA, stroke
MI
Peripheral artery disease

22
Q

integumentary compilations of DM

A

degenerative connective tissue changes
slow healing of sores or cuts
anhidrosis
increased risk of ulcers, infections

23
Q

MSK compilations of DM

A

jt stiffness and increased risk of contractures

increased risk of adhesive capsulitis of shoulder, tenosynovitis, plantar fascitis

24
Q

neuromuscular compilations of DM

A

diabetic polyneuropathy
diabetic autonomic neuropathy
manoneuropathies
entrapment neuropathie

25
Q

diabetic polyneuropathy

A

symmetrical numb and tingling of hands and feet (stocking glove)

distal to proximal

altered sensation and motor weakness

26
Q

diabetic autonomic neuropathy

A

cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy

integumentary

GI

metabolic

27
Q

cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy

A

resting tachycardia
exercise intolerant w/ abnormal HR, BP and CO responses
exercise induced hypoglycemia
postural hypotension

28
Q

integumentary w/ diabetic autonomic neuropathy

A

anhidrosis (inability to sweat normally)
abnormal sweating
dry skin
heat intolerance

29
Q

GI w/ diabetic autonomic neuropathy

A

gastroparesis
GERD
diarrhea
constipation

30
Q

metabolic w/ diabetic autonomic neuropathy

A

abnormal or delayed responses to hypoglycemia

lack of awareness of hypoglycemia

31
Q

mononeuropathies

A

focal nerve damage resulting from vasculitis w/ ischemia and infarction

32
Q

entrapment neuropathies

A

resulting form repetitive trauma to superficial nerves

33
Q

kidney complications w/ DM

A

kidney failure

34
Q

vision complications w/ DM

A

diabetic retinopathy

diabetic macular edema

35
Q

liver complications w/ DM

A

fatty liver disease (steatosis

36
Q

Diagnostic criteria for DM (all)

A 
symptoms of DM
casual plasma glucose concentration >200mg/dL
fasting plasma glucose >126mg/dL
2 hr postload glucose >200mg/dL
A1c > or equal 6.5%
(prediabetes A1C= 5.7-6.4%)
37
Q

exercise prescriptions for CV traingin

A

intensity: 50-80% VO2max or HRR corresponding to RPE of 12-16 on Borg
frequency: 3-7days/week
duration: 20-60min
type: rhythmic, large muscle activities

38
Q

exercise prescriptions for resistance training

A

frequency: 2-3 days/week
intensity: resistance 60-80% one rep max, 2-3 sets of 8-12 repetitions
Type: multijoint exercises of major muscle groups

39
Q

hypoglycemia

A

glucose <70mg/dL or rapid drop in glucose

40
Q

early signs of hypoglycemia

A 
pallor
shakiness/trembling
sweating
excessive hunger
tachycardia and palpitations
fainting or feeling faint
dizziness
fatigue and weakness
poor coordination and unsteady gait
41
Q

later signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia

A 
nervousness and irritability
headache
blurred or double vision
slurred speech
drowsiness
inability to concentrate, confusion, delusions
loss of consciousness and coma
42
Q

response to hypoglycemia

A

give pt sugar

43
Q

hyperglycemia

A

> 300mg/dL

44
Q

signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia

A 
weakness
increased thirst
dry mouth
frequent, scant urination
decreased appetite, nausea/vomiting, abdominal tenderness
dulled senses, confusion, diminished reflexed, paresthesias
flushed, signs of dehydration
deep, rapid respirations
rapid and weak pulse
fruity odor to breath
hyperglycemic comes
45
Q

should you exercise w/o eating at least 2 hours before exercise?

A

no

46
Q

Should you inject short-acting insulin in exercising muscles or sites close to exercising muscles? Why?

A

no b/c insulin is absorbed more quickly

abdominal injection

47
Q

exercise precautions w/ retinopathy

A

avoid exercises that drastically increase BP (>170mmHg)

avoid pounding or jarring activities

48
Q

what is autonomic nephropathy associated w/?

A

sudden death and silent ischemia

monitor for signs of silent ischemia

49
Q

exercise precautions w/ nephropathy

A

limit exercise to low to mod intensities

NPTE Other systems (5 decks)

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