GI (p2) Flashcards
Taste buds (receptor type)
chemoreceptors
nerve responsible for taste and smell
olfactory nerve 1
three salivary glands
submandibular (front jaw)
sublingual
parotid (jaw end)
lower esophageal sphincter is also called the
hiatus
primary peristalsis
occurs after swallowing
secondary peristalsis
if bolus becomes lodged then increase in smooth muscle pressure contracts and moves food
involuntary swallow phase at level of esophagus is innervated by
vagus nerve 10
nervous system responsible for intestinal movements and peristalsis
myenteric plexus
outer GI nervous system
myenteric plexus
inner GI nervous system
submucosal plexus
nervous system responsible for intestinal secretions and local blood flow
submucosal plexus
parasympathetic nervous system stimulates
increased secretions
increased motility
intestinal reflexes
sympathetic nervous system makes _____ happen in GI
gastric vasoconstriction
inhibits motility and secretions
low blood glucose stimulates
vagus nerve
high blood glucose slows
peristalsis and slows gastric emptying
parietal cells produce
hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
chief cells make
pepsinogen
g cells make
gastric acid
enterochromaffin cells contain
H2 receptors
D cells make
somatostatin
somatostatin can act as an
inhibitor of acid and pensinogen secretion
hydrochloric acid and pensin is stimulated by
acetylcholine, gastrin, and histamine
brunner’s glands make
alkaline mucous (protective)
alkaline mucous and glp 1 and CCk are made in the
small intestine
haustra are
Haustra, which are pouch-like segments of the colon, fill with waste material (chyme) until they reach a certain capacity.
anaerobic bacteria are located in the
large intestine
connects the ileum to the cecum
ileocecal valve
lipopcytes are
star shaped and store lipids + vitamin A
sinusoids are
small capilaries between hepatocytes - linked with kupffer cells
kupffer cells contain
macrophages
ammonia is metabolized into
urea
fat soluble vitamins
A
D
E
K
water soluble vitamins
C
B complex
the liver cannot be
palpated in healthy people
what comes to the liver from the portal venous system from the GI?
2 liters of venous blood from the portal vein from the interior and superior mesenteric and splenic veins containing blood needing to be detoxified
the mesenteric and splenic vein connects from the GI to the
portal vein
CCK two main functions
stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion
contracts gallbladder to release bile into the duodenum
ampulla of vater
where the pancreatic duct and common bile duct connect to attach to the duodenum
trypsin is
pancreatic enzyme which functions to digest amino acids
causes of mesenteric insufficiency
heart failure
myocardial infarction
colon cancer
diabetes
hypercoagulable states
mesenteric insufficiency is
ischemia to mesenteric arteries
GI ischemia chief concern is
increase in motility causing rapid fluid loss through diarrhea causing hypovolemic shock and rapid weight loss
vomiting center
emetic center of medulla
vomiting cranial nerves
5 - T
7 - F
9 - G
10 - V
12 - H
achalasia
upper esophageal sphincter fails to relax causing buildup of food in esophagus causing pain
occult blood
blood from intestines mixing into stools
causes of hyperosmotic diarrhea
saline cathartics (magnesium and sodium salts)
lactase deficiency
biggest complication of UC
hemorrhage
biggest complication of crohn’s
fistulas
crohn’s stools
soft and loose, non bloody
UC stools
liquid bloody
UC location
begins in rectum, procedes to span to cecum
Crohn’s location
terminal ileum with patchy involvement of cecum and beginning part of ascending colon
UC highest risk for
colon cancer
UC causes secondary
edema in rectum and sigmoid colon which can lead to abscess formation and bowel obstruction
cobblestone appearance
Crohn’s
expected findings of Crohn’s
steatorrhea
thickened bowel wall
severe malabsorption
anemia
decrease in B12 and Iron
hallmark sign of irritable bowel syndrome
persistent recurrent abdominal pain
fluctuation of estrogen and progesterone can lead to and or exacerbate
IBS
steatosis is also called
fatty liver
phase 1 reaction
chemical modification or inactivation of a substance by the liver (cyp 450 pathway)
phase 2 reaction
conversion from lipid soluble to water soluble
glutathione
phase 3 reaction
a substance, its metabolites, or conjugates being secreted in bile
the prinipal cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular cancer in the world
viral hepatitis
principal reason for liver transplantation in adults
viral hepatitis
most deadly form of hepatitis
Hepatitis B
_____ is incomplete
hepatitis D and needs B to replicate
_____ causes chronic hepatitis
Hepatitis C
no vaccine available for
Hepatitis C
phase 1 of hepatitis
asymptomatic incubation
phase 2 of hepatitis
prodromal (preicteric)
fatigue, anorexia, low grade fever, Jaundice - starts after 2 weeks of incubation
phase 3 of hepatitis
icteric
1-2 weeks after pericteric phase 2
lasts 2-6 weeks
jaundice, pruitits
liver is enlarged and tender
primary biliary cirrhosis is
autoimmune destruction of bile ducts resulting in biliary cirrhosis
biliary cirrhosis
destruction of small bile ducts in liver
primary biliary cirrhosis is
Intrahepatic biliary disorder
viral antigen used to test for hepatits A + B
HBsAg
what is used to determine viral load and marker for active HBV replication
HBV DNA
Hepatitis A antibiodies in serum
anti-HAV
pathway used to detoxify alcohol
microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
site where alcohol is detoxified in the cell
endoplasmic reticulum (microsomal ethanol oxidizing system)
ADH stands for
alcohol dehydrogenase
hepatitis E is most commonly seen in
organ transplant or immunosuppression
only form of hepatitis with no available vaccine
Hepatitis C
