GI, Liver, Pancreas Flashcards
An inflammation of the lining of the stomach
Gastritis
- Due to problems related to passage of bile throught the bile ducts that results in obstructive jaundice
- Obstructive jaundice is commonly caused by gallstones that block the common bile duct or by disorders of the pancreas such as pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer
Posthepatic/cholestatic jaundice
What are gallstones made of
Usually cholesterol, calcium salt of billirubin, or calcium carbonate precipitate out of the bile
- Generally only affects the mucosal layer,
- s/s include constant diarrhea with blood
- short bouts of exacerbation with longer remissions
- complications include perforations of colon, fatal peritonitis and toxema, and colon cancer
- may need an ostomy
Ulcerative Colitis
Reversible inflammatory process of the pancreatic acini brought on by premature activation, can be life threatening
Usually presents with mid epigastric or back pain, and may be accompanied by N/V
Acute Pancreatitis
What is the treatment for Crohns
Directed at terminating the inflammatory process, promoting healing, maintaining nutrition, and preventing complications
- Inflammation of the diverticula or herniation within the wall of the intestinal tract
- Results from intraluminal pressure- chronic constipation, obesity- causes formation of diverticula (pocketing) or herniation through a muscular weakness in wall
- Complications include perforation- peritonitis, sepsis, shock
Diverticulosis
A recurrent granulomatous type of inflammatory response that can affect any part of the GI tract
Crohn’s Disease
- May be due to dysfunction of the liver’s ability to process (conjugate) billirubin for elimination
- Commonly caused by hepatitis or cirrhosis
- Neonatal jaundice is often caused by impaired uptake and conjugation of billirubin, as required enzymes are not present at birth
Hepatic/hepatocellular jaundice
What is jaundice?
Its a sign of one of many possible disease processes that alter the metabolism or clearance of billirubin in the body
Can’t conjugate billirubin leading to hyperbillirubenemia
What are the complications of portal hypertension
- Portosystemic shunts and esophageal varices
- obstruction of blood flow increases portal venous pressure, causing large collateral vessels to form between the portal and systemic veins
- some of these vessels connect the portal and coronary veins and lead to reversla of blood flow and formation of thin-walled esophagel varices
- These vessels can rupture easily and lead to massive hemorrhage that is life-threatening
- Ascites (third spacing)
- occurs when flid accumulates in the peritoneal cavity d/t incrased hydrostatis pressure from the portal htn
- Splenomegaly
- enlargemtn of spleen due to shunting of blood into the splenic vein
Diarrhea characterized by large-volume watery and nonbloody stools
Associated with toxin-producing bacteria like Staph aureus or other parasitic or viral agents
Noninflammatory
Potentially life threatneing complication of cirrhosis
liver becomes congested and starts to push the blood by collateral vessels, often see them tracking outside the esophagus and are weak, and burst easily causing massive hemmhorage
Esophageal Varices
Inflammatory response of the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering internal visceral organs
Peritonitis
_____ diarrhea is often due to infections
Acute
Explain malabsorption related to liver dysfunction
- The liver releases bile and phospholipids which are crucial for digestion of fats
- Fat malbsorption leads to inability to absorb fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
- Since vit K is important for synthesis of clotting factors, liver dysfunction may be associated with coagulation problems
Progressive and permanent destruction of the exocrine pancreas, fibrosis and in later states destruction of the endocrine pancreas
Progressive loss of pancreas parenchyma leads to pathology including T1DM
Obseved in chronic alcoholics and individuals with persistnet cholelithiasis
Chronic Pancreatitis
Causes of gastritis
What can gastritis lead to?
- Infection, stress, injury, trauma, surgery
- alcohol consumption
- long term use of NSAIDS
- H.Pylori
- Autoimmune disorders (Type 1 DM, Hashimoto’s)
Can lead to anemia and vit B12 deficiency secondary to lack of intrinsic factor
What conditions are associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Type 2 Diabetes
Obesity
Metabolic syndrome
Hyperlipidemia
An inflammation of the esophagus that is commonly caused by GERD or infections in immunocompromised individuals
Esophagitis
Explain drug or alcohol induced liver disease
- The liver is responsible for biotransformation, which involves the detoxification of drugs and alcohol
- Substances that are toxic to the liver or that overwhelm the ability of the liver to detoxify these substances can result in damage to the liver itself
Granulomatous lesions that are surrounded by normal-appearing mucosal tissue
Skip lesions
Inflammation of the gallbladder , usually secondary to obstruction of the bile ducts
Cholecystitis
Which disease has lesions that extend through all layers of the intestinal wall, with most involvement in the submucousal layer, has periods of exacerbations and remission, complications include fistulas (may become infected), abscess formation and obstructions
Crohn’s Disease
Because of the fissures and crevices, there can be a “cobblestone” appearance to the surface of the inflamed bowel
