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Patho Exam 4- LAST ONE > GI, Liver, Pancreas > Flashcards

GI, Liver, Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

An inflammation of the lining of the stomach

A

Gastritis

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2
Q
  • Due to problems related to passage of bile throught the bile ducts that results in obstructive jaundice
  • Obstructive jaundice is commonly caused by gallstones that block the common bile duct or by disorders of the pancreas such as pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer
A

Posthepatic/cholestatic jaundice

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3
Q

What are gallstones made of

A

Usually cholesterol, calcium salt of billirubin, or calcium carbonate precipitate out of the bile

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4
Q
  • Generally only affects the mucosal layer,
  • s/s include constant diarrhea with blood
  • short bouts of exacerbation with longer remissions
  • complications include perforations of colon, fatal peritonitis and toxema, and colon cancer
  • may need an ostomy
A

Ulcerative Colitis

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5
Q

Reversible inflammatory process of the pancreatic acini brought on by premature activation, can be life threatening

Usually presents with mid epigastric or back pain, and may be accompanied by N/V

A

Acute Pancreatitis

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6
Q

What is the treatment for Crohns

A

Directed at terminating the inflammatory process, promoting healing, maintaining nutrition, and preventing complications

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7
Q
  • Inflammation of the diverticula or herniation within the wall of the intestinal tract
  • Results from intraluminal pressure- chronic constipation, obesity- causes formation of diverticula (pocketing) or herniation through a muscular weakness in wall
  • Complications include perforation- peritonitis, sepsis, shock
A

Diverticulosis

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8
Q

A recurrent granulomatous type of inflammatory response that can affect any part of the GI tract

A

Crohn’s Disease

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9
Q
  • May be due to dysfunction of the liver’s ability to process (conjugate) billirubin for elimination
  • Commonly caused by hepatitis or cirrhosis
  • Neonatal jaundice is often caused by impaired uptake and conjugation of billirubin, as required enzymes are not present at birth
A

Hepatic/hepatocellular jaundice

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10
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Its a sign of one of many possible disease processes that alter the metabolism or clearance of billirubin in the body

Can’t conjugate billirubin leading to hyperbillirubenemia

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11
Q

What are the complications of portal hypertension

A
  • Portosystemic shunts and esophageal varices
    • obstruction of blood flow increases portal venous pressure, causing large collateral vessels to form between the portal and systemic veins
    • some of these vessels connect the portal and coronary veins and lead to reversla of blood flow and formation of thin-walled esophagel varices
      • These vessels can rupture easily and lead to massive hemorrhage that is life-threatening
  • Ascites (third spacing)
    • occurs when flid accumulates in the peritoneal cavity d/t incrased hydrostatis pressure from the portal htn
  • Splenomegaly
    • enlargemtn of spleen due to shunting of blood into the splenic vein
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12
Q

Diarrhea characterized by large-volume watery and nonbloody stools

Associated with toxin-producing bacteria like Staph aureus or other parasitic or viral agents

A

Noninflammatory

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13
Q

Potentially life threatneing complication of cirrhosis

liver becomes congested and starts to push the blood by collateral vessels, often see them tracking outside the esophagus and are weak, and burst easily causing massive hemmhorage

A

Esophageal Varices

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14
Q

Inflammatory response of the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering internal visceral organs

A

Peritonitis

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15
Q

_____ diarrhea is often due to infections

A

Acute

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16
Q

Explain malabsorption related to liver dysfunction

A
  • The liver releases bile and phospholipids which are crucial for digestion of fats
  • Fat malbsorption leads to inability to absorb fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
  • Since vit K is important for synthesis of clotting factors, liver dysfunction may be associated with coagulation problems
17
Q

Progressive and permanent destruction of the exocrine pancreas, fibrosis and in later states destruction of the endocrine pancreas

Progressive loss of pancreas parenchyma leads to pathology including T1DM

Obseved in chronic alcoholics and individuals with persistnet cholelithiasis

A

Chronic Pancreatitis

18
Q

Causes of gastritis

What can gastritis lead to?

A
  • Infection, stress, injury, trauma, surgery
  • alcohol consumption
  • long term use of NSAIDS
  • H.Pylori
  • Autoimmune disorders (Type 1 DM, Hashimoto’s)

Can lead to anemia and vit B12 deficiency secondary to lack of intrinsic factor

19
Q

What conditions are associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

A

Type 2 Diabetes

Obesity

Metabolic syndrome

Hyperlipidemia

20
Q

An inflammation of the esophagus that is commonly caused by GERD or infections in immunocompromised individuals

A

Esophagitis

21
Q

Explain drug or alcohol induced liver disease

A
  • The liver is responsible for biotransformation, which involves the detoxification of drugs and alcohol
  • Substances that are toxic to the liver or that overwhelm the ability of the liver to detoxify these substances can result in damage to the liver itself
22
Q

Granulomatous lesions that are surrounded by normal-appearing mucosal tissue

A

Skip lesions

23
Q

Inflammation of the gallbladder , usually secondary to obstruction of the bile ducts

A

Cholecystitis

24
Q

Which disease has lesions that extend through all layers of the intestinal wall, with most involvement in the submucousal layer, has periods of exacerbations and remission, complications include fistulas (may become infected), abscess formation and obstructions

A

Crohn’s Disease

Because of the fissures and crevices, there can be a “cobblestone” appearance to the surface of the inflamed bowel

25
Q

Formation of gallstones that can obstruct a bile duct

A

Cholelithiasis

26
Q

Characterized by hyperosmotic luminal contents whereby a nonabsorable substance in the GI tract shifts the osmotic balance so that water is drawn into the GI tract

Example: lactose intolerance

A

Osmotic diarrhea

27
Q

An inflammatory disease of the colon and rectum (distal part of the GI tract)

A

Ulcerative Colitis

28
Q
  • Type of jaundice
  • May be caused by genetic diseases including
    • sickle cell anema, thalassemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
  • Hemolytic uremic syndrom may also give rise to this
A

Prehepatic/hemolytic jaundice

29
Q

Occurs when the secretory processes of the bowel are increased

Example: extra gastrin increases acid production in the lumen of the GI tract, added secretion of something “dumping”

A

Secretory diarrhea

30
Q

_____ diarrhea is often not infectious, but may be infectious secondary to parasites not bacteria

A

Chronic diarrhea

31
Q

What conditions are associated with portal hypertension

A
  • Cirrhosis
  • Hepatitis
  • Right-sided heart failure
32
Q

May be due to abnormality of gut wall, enzyme or bile deficiency, or abnormalities of gut flora

Common disorders include cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel syndrome, and IBS

Symptoms include: anemia (decreased vit B12, iron, folic acid), diarrhea and steatorrhea, edema (decreased protein absorption), malnutrition and weight loss

A

Malabsorption Syndrome

33
Q

Associated with certain chronic infections such as some parasites that colonize the GI tract such as Entamoeba histolytica

A

Chronic infectious diarrhea

34
Q

Diarrhea associated with fever and blood in the stool (dysentery)

Genearlly caused by invasive bacteria including Shigella, Salmonella, E. Coli

A

Inflammatory Diarrhea

35
Q

Acute or chronic inflammatory disease such as Crohn diseas or ulcerative colitis

A

Inflammatory diarrhea

36
Q

GI bleed that involves the jejunum, ileum, colon, or rectum

S/S include hematochezia- frank bleeding from the rectum

A

Lower GI bleed

37
Q

GI bleed that involves the esophagus, stomach, duodenum- bleeding varices, PUD, esophageal tear

S/S include hematemesis- blood in vomit, and melena- dark or tarry stools

A

Upper GI bleed

Patho Exam 4- LAST ONE (3 decks)

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