Blood Pathology

Question 1

transplant rejection requires _____

Answer 1

lifelong anti rejection drugs

Question 2

includes any kind of lymphoma except Hodgkins

either B cell or T cell neoplasms that may originate from any lymphoid tissue but most commonly in lymph nodes

Answer 2

non-hodgkins lymphoma

Question 3

s/s of flu like symptoms, fever sore throat, fatigue. can have enlarged spleen

Answer 3

mono

Question 4

intrinsic pathway

Answer 4

exposure to collagen

Question 5

most common form of leukemia in children

Answer 5

acute

Question 6

compromise to hematopoiesis, bone marrow suppression, enhanced RBC destruction, chronic disease

Answer 6

Nromocytic nromochromic

Question 7

goal of this disease is treatment to suppress viral load and increase CD4+ count

Answer 7

AIDs

Question 8

decreased total RBC mass
leads to decreased oxygen carrying capacity
s/s include headache fatigue, dyspnea, poor exercise tolerance, allow, syncope, tachycardia, evaluated by assessing H/h

Answer 8

anemia

Question 9

anemias classified based on morphology
_____ -> volume (size) of RBC, micro, norm, macro
_____ -> hemoglobin amount, hypo, normo , hyper

Answer 9

cystic

chromic

Question 10

complication of diseases that accelerates clotting, caused by disorders that produce necrosis, infection, neoplastic disease and other conditions that include cardiac arrest, cirrhosis, shock

excessive bleeding and excessive clotting, high fatality

Answer 10

DIC

Question 11

hallmark sign is formation of granulomas

Answer 11

chronic inflammation

Question 12

body can’t differentiate between self and non self antigens

Answer 12

autoimmune

Question 13

hereditary bleeding disorder characterized by prolonged bleeding time
can range from mild and asymptomatic to severe
autosomal dominant trait but acquired from identified in pts with cancer
results from deficiency of Von Willebrands factor, which stabilizes clotting factor VII that is needed for proper platelet function

Answer 13

Von Willebrand disease

Question 14

bedrock of healing process, largely made up of connective tissue, proliferative phase

Answer 14

granulation tissue

Question 15

most common type of leukemia in children, but can affect adults over 65
include precursor B or T lymphoblasts
typical characterized by structural and numerical changes in the chromosomes within the leukemic cells (translocations, d deletions, hyperploidy, polyploidy) that alter the ability to regulate normal hematopoiesis

Answer 15

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

Question 16

Genetic anemias

Answer 16

Sickle cell: genetic disorder where genetic change in beta-globing that causes sickling
thalassemia- genetic disorders causing defect in global chains that comprise hemoglobin

Question 17

mainly adutlts, maybe small number of children
characterized by excessive proliferation of marrow granulocytes, erythroid precursors, and megakaryocytes
associated with the Philadelphia chromosome
begins in chronic phase progressing to accelerated phase ultimately entering a blast crisis phase which is terminal
treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor drugs improving survival rates to greater than 95%

Answer 17

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

Question 18

wound edges with close approximations, edges sealed by cblood clot or sutures

Answer 18

first intention

Question 19

involved pluripotent myeloid stem cells in bone marrow, interferes with maturation of all blood cells including granulocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes

Answer 19

myelogenous leukemia

• acute myelogenous leukemia
• chronic myelogenous leukemia

Question 20

specialized form of lymphoma
characterized by the orderly spread of disease from one lymph node group to another and by development of systemic symptoms with advanced dieases
Reed-Sternberg cells
2 peaks of incidence- 1st in young adulthood and 2nd - 55+
more treatable

Answer 20

hodgkins lymphoma

Question 21

competes with vitamin K (vitamin k is antidote)

Answer 21

Warfarin (Coumadin)

Question 22

some compromises to wound healing

Answer 22

malnutrition, infection, some drugs (steroids, NSAIDS) diabetes, hypoxemia

Question 23

immature lymphocytes and their progenitors that originate in the bone marrow but infiltrate the spleen, lymph nodes, CNS, and other tissues

Answer 23

lymphocytic leukemia

• acute lymphoblastic
• chronic lymphocytic

Question 24

build up of relatively mature but abnormal white blood cells and generally takes months or years to progress

Answer 24

chronic leukemia

Question 25

characterized by a rapid increase in the number of immature blood cells

Answer 25

acute leukemia

Question 26

too many blood cells, primary typically occurs ages 40-60 with unknown cause secondary due to hypoxia, tumor, or disease *increased production of erythropoietin)

Answer 26

polycythemia

Question 27

decreased platelets congenital or acquired(more common) increased risk of bleeding will see petechiae

Answer 27

Thrombocytopenia

Question 28

low dose inhibits aggregation of platelets (cyclooxyrgenase)

Answer 28

aspirin

Question 29

B cell cancer of plasma cells that normally produce antibodies proliferation of malignant plasma cells in bone marrow occurs with lesions in skeletal system release pence jones proteins s/s include anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia from bone marrow infiltration, bone pain, infection, renal failure, and neurological symptoms

Answer 29

multiple myeloma

Question 30

altered DNA synthesis - megaloblastic - vit B12 deficiency

Answer 30

microcytic: normochromic

Question 31

low platelets secondary to immune system destroying own platelets acute ITP typically affects children ages 2-4and chronic ITP affects adults ages 50+ target population is women ages 20-40 caused by drug reactions, immunization with live vaccines and viral infection excellent prognosis even without treatment

Answer 31

idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP)

Question 32

interacts with AT III to bind coagulation factors including throbbing and prevent hemostasis (antidote is protamine sulfate)

Answer 32

Heparin

Question 33

clonal malignancy of B lymphocytes most often affects adults over age of 55 and men most common leukemia in adults 2 forms (one long term survival and eventual death from other causes and one has rapidly fatal disease despite aggressive therapy) people with low CD marker do better while those with high markers tend to do worse

Answer 33

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Question 34

most common in adults than children, more commonly in men than women affects myeloid precursors in the bone marrow most often associated with acquired genetic changes that inhibit myeloid cell differentiation therefor undifferentiated blasts cells replace normal cells with bone marrow causing anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia

Answer 34

acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

Question 35

type 1 (mild) can become more severe with repeated exposure

Answer 35

hypersensitivity

Question 36

parallels 1st intention healing except that it occurs in wounds in which larger sections of tissue have been lost or in wounds complicated by infection

Answer 36

2nd intention wound healing

Question 37

low number of neutrophils, more at risk for infection, can occur 2/2 cancer (chemo

Answer 37

neutropenia

Question 38

reduced hemoglobin synthesis - iron deficiency - thalassemia

Answer 38

microcytic: hypochromic

Question 39

extrinsic pathway

Answer 39

exposure to tissue factors