Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gastrointestinal Block > GI Investigations 2 > Flashcards

GI Investigations 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When would we use an MRI over a CT? (In general)

A

MRI for pelvis, brain (posterior fossa), joints, spine

This is because CTs show artefacts (shadows caused by bones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Contraindications and problems with MRIs

A

Contraindications: metal objects (pacemakers, clips) and claustrophobia

Problems: time consuming and has limited availability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Magnetic resonance cholangio-pancreaticography (MRCP)

A

Uses MRI to view bile ducts, pancreas in detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a Defecating proctogram?

A

evaluates completeness of stool elimination, identifies anorectal abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Colonoscopy views the entire colon upto the ________

A

caecum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is bowel screening performed and to whom is it offered?

A

Recommended for pts at high risk of colon CA and for everyone ≥ 60 yr

check

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Gastroparesis?

How is it diagnosed, treated and monitored?

A

Condition where the stomach cannot empty. food passes through the stomach slower than usual

Gastric Emptying Scan helps diagnose and monitor response to motility drugs → metoclopramide, erythromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How may we evaluate patients with chronic constipation or IBSc?

What are the 2 types of IBSc shown on the image below?

A

Colorectal transit study -uses markers to monitor movement through the colon over 7 days with serial abdominal X-rays

  • Left - slow transit constipation
  • Right - anorectal diregulation / pelvic floor dyssynergia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are contrast studies performed?

List one contrainidication and one challenge

A

Barium (single contrast) or Barium + Gas (double contrast) are given to pt.

  • Contraindication - suspected perforation or obstruction, as Ba is highly irritating
  • Challenge- Patients need to turn themselves to properly distribute barium, older patients may have difficulty with this
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

a) How do we assess oropharyngeal motility?
b) What parts of the GIT can this study assess
c) List 4 instances we may require this

A

a) Ba swallow
b) Oesophagus, stomach & duodenum
c) GORD, achalasia, stricture, ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When do we use CT Enteroclysis?

A

Visualization of S bowel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

GI Indications for Ultrasound

A
  1. Masses
  2. Abscess
  3. Organs
  4. Free fluid
  5. Biliary dilatation
  6. GB stones
  7. Guided FNAC & biopsy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What non-invasive test helps us quantify liver fibrosis?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can CTs help diagnosis of?

A
  1. Tumours
  2. Vascular lesions
  3. Infection
  4. Collections or traumatic injuries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is CT enterography and colonography

Incl indications for these

A

CT enterography: visualization of S bowel

CT colonography: generates 3D and 2D images of colon

Indications: obscure GI bleed, S bowel tumors, ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List 4 uses of Endoscopy (there are many)

A
  1. Malignancy
  2. Infections (Candida, H. pylori, Giardia)
  3. Removal of foreign bodies
  4. Hemostasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List 2 absolute and 2 relative contraindications to Endoscopy

A

Absolute: Shock, acute MI, perforation, toxic megacolon, severe RA of Cx spine (Atlanto-axial subluxation)

Relative: poor patient cooperation, coma, arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can we visualise with a Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD)

List 4 indications for this

A

Visualise oesophagus, stomach & duodenum (D2)

Indications: Dyspepsia, Dysphagia, Wt loss, Anaemia

19
Q

What does a Sigmoidoscopy allow us to view?

List 4 indications

A

Endoscope is inserted through the anus to view left colon

Indications: diarrhea, LIF pain, constipation, abnormal growths, bleeding PR

20
Q

When may Proctoscopy be used?

A

Limited exam of anal canal and rectum

Used in OPD to look for haemorrhoids and/or fissures

21
Q

Indications + Theraputic Indications for a colonoscopy

A

Indications: chronic diarrhea, Fe deficiency anemia, unexplained abdo pain, change in bowel habits (esp looser), weight loss

Therapeutic Indications: control bleeding, polyp removal, tumour ablation, stricture dilation, reduction of sigmoid volvulus

22
Q

What is ERCP

List 4 indications

A

Contrast injected into CBD and/or pancreatic duct, through upward viewing scope

Indications

  1. Obstructive jaundice - insert stents
  2. CBD stones - removal
  3. Ascending cholangitis
  4. Bile duct injury
23
Q

When may we use video capsule endoscopy?

A

In patients with occult GI bleed for detecting S bowel polyps and detection of mucosal abnormalities

24
Q

What is a Gastric Emptying scan?

A

Nuclear Isotope Scan

Radiolabeled meal ingesting and observed as it passes out of stomach

25
Q

What condition is significantly associated with Gastroparesis and why?

A

Diabetes

Gastropares is sign of autonomic neuropathy as ↑blood glucose has caused damage to the vagus nerve

26
Q

Clinical use of Gastric Emptying Scan?

A
  1. To diagnose gastroparesis +
  2. Monitor response to motility drugs (metoclopramide, erythromycin)
27
Q

What is a Meckle scan?

How is it used clinically?

A

Identifies ectopic gastric mucosa

Used to diagnose Meckels diverticulum

28
Q

List the 4 types of Manometry used in the GIT and where each measures

A

Oesophageal: effectiveness & coordination of peristalsis

Gastroduodenal: dysmotility with normal gastric emptying or unresponsive to therapy

Barostat: measures gastric accommodation with distension in stomach

Anorectal: contractility of anal sphincter

29
Q

What is 24 Hour Oesophageal pH Monitoring

List 2 Indications

A

Measures amount of acid that enters oesophagus during 24-hour period

Indications: refractory acid reflux symptoms, non-cardiac chest pain

30
Q

What is Gastric Fluid Analysis?

How is it used clinically?

A

NGT to measure gastric acid output in basal & stimulated state (Pentagastrin)

Used to test for ZES, pernicious anemia, atrophic gastritis, with PPIs. Sometimes used for AFB staining for abdominal TB

31
Q

What does Hypochlorhydria in presence of elevated gastrin indicate on gastric fluid analysis?

A

Impairment of acid output

eg. pernicious anemia, atrophic gastritis & with PPIs

32
Q

What does Hyperchlorhydria in presence of elevated gastrin indicate on gastric fluid analysis?

A

ZES

33
Q

List 4 diseases associated with malabsorption

A
  1. Chronic pancreatitis
  2. Cancer
  3. ZE syndrome,
  4. Chronic liver disease
  5. Coeliac
34
Q

List 4 Diagnostic Procedures in GI Diseases

A
  1. Ascitic tap
  2. Nasogastric tube insertion
  3. PEG tube insertion
  4. Liver Bx
  5. Diagnostic laparoscopy
35
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum and what is its associated rule of 2s?

What scan is used to detect this?

A

Congenital outpouching/malformation of the distal ileum (persistent yolk sac?)

  • 2% of the population
  • 2 feet from the ileocecal valve
  • 2 inches long
  • usually detected in under 2’s
  • 2:1 male:female

Detected using Meckel scan

36
Q

What is Manometry and list 4 indications for oesophageal manometry

A

Measurement of pressure using pressure transducers

Indications:

  1. dysphagia
  2. Nutcracker oesophagus
  3. achalasia
  4. scleroderma
  5. amyloidosis
37
Q

What is Nutcracker oesophagus?

A

Hypercontracting oesophagus

38
Q

What is the H2 breath test?

List 2 indications for this

A

When sugars (lactose, glucose) are not completely absorbed by S intestine, bacteria within GI produce H2 gas from them

Indications: lactose intolerance, bacterial overgrowth

39
Q

What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

A

Gastrin secreting tumour of the pancreas

40
Q

How do we test pancreatic function using an oroduodenal tube? (Invasive test)

A

Tube placed to collect pancreatic secretions after a hormonal secretagogue is given

  • When CCK is administered → output of lipase measured
  • When secretin is administered → output of HCO3 is measured
41
Q

How can we non-invasively test for pancreatic insufficiency?

A

Faecal elastase

levels of < 100 μg/g of stool are seen in patientss with advanced chronic pancreatitis

42
Q

How can we non-invasively test for pancreatic insufficiency?

A

Faecal elastase

levels of < 100 μg/g of stool are seen in patientss with advanced chronic pancreatitis

43
Q

How can we non-invasively test for pancreatic insufficiency?

A

Faecal elastase

levels of < 100 μg/g of stool are seen in patientss with advanced chronic pancreatitis

Gastrointestinal Block (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions