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Gastrointestinal > GI Histology - Full summary > Flashcards

GI Histology - Full summary Flashcards

1
Q

What type of epithelium covers the surface of the oral cavity, oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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2
Q

What type of epithelium covers the nasal cavity and nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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3
Q

What is meant by respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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4
Q

What is the name of the ring of tonsillar tissue found in the oropharynx?

A

Waldeyer’s ring

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5
Q

What are tonsils?

A

Collections of lymphoid follicles in the submucosa

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of tonsils found in the oropharynx?

A

Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Tubal tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils (Adenoids)

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7
Q

How is the tongue split in terms of histological description?

A

Anterior 2/3rds
Posterior 1/3rd

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8
Q

What type of epithelium covers the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

How does the epithelium of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue differ between the ventral (Inferior) and dorsal (Superior) surface?

A

The epithelium is thin on the ventral surface and thick with papillae on the dorsal surface

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10
Q

What type of epithelium covers the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

Smooth, stratified squamous epithelium which lacks most papillae

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11
Q

What are the 4 types of papillae of the tongue?

A

Fungiform
Foliate
Filiform
Circumvallate

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12
Q

What are papillae?

A

Projections of the lamina propria on the tongue

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13
Q

What is found surrounding circumvallate and foliate papillae?

A

Ducts and serous glands which contain taste buds

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14
Q

Describe the characteristics of filiform papillae?

A

These are keratinised and contain no tastebuds
They make up a large area of the tongue surface and give it its rough feel

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15
Q

What are the 4 layers of the digestive tract wall?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa or adventitia

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16
Q

What are the 3 layers of the mucosa?

A

Epithelium (Sits on basal lamina)
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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17
Q

What are the 2 layers of the muscularis extra

A

Internal - Circular muscle
External - Longitudinal muscle

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18
Q

What is the difference between adventitia and serosa?

A

The adventitia is formed mostly of connective tissue and some smooth muscle, while the serosa is formed from peritoneum

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19
Q

Which 2 structures of the GI tract contain glands in their submucosa?

A

The oesophagus
The duodenum

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20
Q

What is the name given to the submucosal glands of the oesophagus?

A

The oesophageal glands

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21
Q

What type of epithelium lines the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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22
Q

What it the name of the junction between the stomach and oesophagus?

A

Gastro-oesophageal junction

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23
Q

What type of epithelium lines the stomach?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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24
Q

What is contained in the gastric pits of the stomach?

A

Gastric glands

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25
What are the 3 main sections of a gastric pit?
Isthmus Neck Fundus
26
Which types of cell are found mostly in the isthmus of a gastric pit?
Parietal cells and stem cells
27
What types of cell are found mostly in the neck of the gastric pit?
Mucous cells Parietal cells
28
What types of cell are found mostly in the fundus of the gastric pit?
Chief cells Some parietal cells Some enteroendocrine cells
29
What are the characteristics of gastric pits within the cardia of the stomach?
They contain deep gastric pits which branch into tortuous glands
30
What are the characteristics of gastric pits within the body of the stomach?
The body contains shallow gastric pits with long straight gastric glands
31
What are the characteristics of the gastric pits within the pylorus of the stomach?
They contain deep gastric pits with branched, coiled gastric glands, mostly pyloric glands, which secrete mucous
32
What is different about the muscularis externa of the stomach, compared to other GI structures?
It contains 3 layers, as it gains an inner oblique muscle layer
33
What is the function of the inner oblique muscle layer in the muscularis externa of the stomach?
It aids the churning action of the stomach
34
What is found between the duodenum and stomach?
A pyloric sphincter which is a thickening of the circular layer of muscle in the wall
35
How does the pyloric sphincter constrict and dilate?
Constricts via the circular muscle constricting Dilated via the longitudinal muscle constricting
36
What are the 3 main components of the small intestine?
Duodenum ~25cm Jejunum ~2m long Ileum ~2.75m long
37
What are villi?
Small projections of the epithelium in the small intestine which increase surface area for absorption
38
What are found between the villi of the small intestine?
The crypts of Lieberkuhn
39
What is found at the centre of each villi?
A lacteal, which is a lymphatic vessel
40
What is the main histological feature of the duodenum wall?
It contains Brunner's glands
41
What is the function of Brunner's glands?
These are the submucosal glands within the duodenum which secrete a thin, alkaline mucus to neutralise the partially acidic chyme that is produced by the stomach
42
What are the histological features of the jejunum?
The jejunum contains the tallest villi, which are located on circular folds in the mucosa and sub-mucosa (Plicae circularis)
43
What are the plicae circularis?
These are permanent circular folds in the mucosa and submucosa of the jejunum
44
What are the histological features of the ileum?
They contain the shortest villi, but do contain lymphoid follicles, known as Peyer's patches which arise in the submucosa and often extend into the lamina propria
45
What are the 5 types of cell found within the small intestine?
Enterocytes Goblet cells Paneth cells Enterocrine cells Stem cells
46
What are enterocytes?
Tall columnar epithelial cells with a brush border of microvilli, which increase absorption
47
What are goblet cells?
These are cells that produce mucin to protect and lubricate the small intestine
48
What are paneth cells?
They are cells found at the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn, which have a role in regulating bacterial flora by secreting lysosomes and definsins
49
What are enterocrine cells?
These are cells that produce hormones that contribute to intestinal secretion and motility
50
What are intestinal stem cells?
These are cells found at the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn, which divide to replenish the gut epithelium
51
Where in the small intestine are Paneth cells only found?
In the duodenum
52
How is the smooth muscle in the large intestine organised?
It is not continuous, but is found in 3 distinct muscular strips that move in the direction of the colon, these are the teniae coli
53
What are teniae coli?
The distinct strips of muscle that run along the large intestine
54
What are the 2 main cell types in the large intestine?
Absorptive cells Goblet cells
55
How are the cells of the large intestine arranged?
They are arranged into straight tubular glands known as crypts, which burrow into the muscularis mucosa
56
What is the appendix?
It is a blind-ending, hollow extension of the caecum
57
What are the histological characteristics of the appendix?
It has a similar structure to the rest of the colon, however, it contains fewer crypts and contains circular arrangements of lymphoid tissue in the submucosa and lamina propria This lymphoid tissue declines with age
58
What is the junction between the rectum and anus called?
The recto-anal junction
59
What is the junction between the rectum and anus called?
The recto-anal junction
60
What is the junction between the rectum and anus called?
The recto-anal junction
60
What is the junction between the rectum and anal canal called?
The recto-anal junction
61
Describe the changing histology of the anal canal
The anal canal begins as non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium Then then becomes continuous with keratinised stratified squamous epithelium, which becomes continuous with the epithelium of the surrounding skin
62
What are the nervous system of the GI tract called?
The enteric nervous system
63
What are the 2 nerve plexuses of the enteric nervous system called?
Submucosal plexus Myenteric plexus
64
Where is the submucosal plexus found?
In the submucosa of the gut wall
65
Where is the myenteric plexus found?
In the muscle layers of the muscularis externa
66
What is controlled by the myenteric plexus?
The myenteric plexus mostly controls gut motility
67
What is controlled by the submucosal plexus?
The submucosal plexus plays a part in control of the muscularis mucosae and in secretion
68
What are the 2 ligaments at which the lesser omentum binds to the liver?
The hepatogastric ligament The hepatoduodenal ligament
69
What is the name of the capsule that surrounds the liver?
Glisson's capsule
70
What is the Glisson's capsule of the liver made up of?
Mesothelial cells (Simple squamous epithelial cells)
71
What shape is formed by a hepatic lobule?
A hexagon
72
What structures are found in the portal triad of the corners of the hepatic lobules?
A bile duct, a portal vein branch and a hepatic artery branch
73
What are found at the centre of the hepatic lobules?
A central hepatic venule
74
How is the central hepatic venule connected to the branches of the portal vein at the lobule corners?
Via sinusoids through which blood can flow
75
What type of cell lines the bile ductules?
Cholangiocytes (Simple cuboidal cells)
76
What are the main cells of the liver?
Hepatocytes
77
What type of cells line the sinusoids?
Endothelial cells
78
Why is the endothelium of the sinusoids fenestrated?
To allow the movement of nutrients between the blood and the hepatocytes
79
What is the space between the epithelial cells of the sinusoids and the hepatocytes known as?
The space of Dissection (Perisinusoidal cells)
80
What is found in the space of Disse?
Microvilli of the hepatocytes Reticular fibres (Type III collagen fibres) Some Type I collagen fibres Hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells)
81
What is the function of the reticular fibres and type I collagen fibres in the space of Disse?
They support the liver parenchyma
82
What is the function of the hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells) in the space of Disse?
They are modified fibroblasts which form connective tissue and store vitamin A in their fat droplets
83
What happens to the hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells) in liver cirrhosis?
They can transform into myofibroblasts and lay down scar tissue
84
What are the resident macrophages within the sinusoids known as?
Kupffer cells
85
What is the function of the Kupffer cells of the liver?
They remove particular matter and worn out blood cells
86
What are the main components of bile?
Water Ions phospholipids Bilirubin Bile salts
87
What is bilirubin?
This is a pigment formed from haemoglobin break down in the spleen, which is excreted in bile and gives faeces is brown colour
88
Which cells produce primary bile?
All hepatocytes
89
Which cells modify primary bile produced by the hepatocytes?
The cholangiocytes lining the biliary tree
90
How does bile travel from the hepatocytes to the biliary tree?
Via bile canaliculi
91
What are bile canaliculi?
These are small bile channels formed by tight junctions between adjacent hepatocytes
92
Describe the histology of the gall bladder?
The gall bladder is a muscular sac lined by simple columnar epithelium and is backed by a lamina propria of loose connective tissue and many blood and lymphatic vessels It is surrounded by a coat of smooth muscle and collagenous adventitia
93
How does the mucosa change between emptying and filling of the gallbladder?
When the gallbladder is empty, the mucosa is folded When the gallbladder is full, the mucosa is flattened
94
What is cholecystitis?
The inflammation of the gallbladder

Gastrointestinal (22 decks)

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