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Year 1: Gastrointestinal > GI: Hepatitis > Flashcards

GI: Hepatitis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the pathological features of hepatitis?

A

Liver cell necrosis

Inflammatory cell infiltration

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2
Q

What is chronic hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of the liver lasting greater than 6 months

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3
Q

What causes chronic hepatitis?

A

Hep B, D, C
Autoimmune hepatitis
Wilson’s disease
Alcohol

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4
Q

How is Hep A spread?

A

Faecal-oral

Associated with poor hygiene, overcrowding

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5
Q

What age group most commonly gets Hep A?

A

Children and young adults

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6
Q

How is Hep A diagnosed?

A

The presence of IgM anti-HAV in the blood

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7
Q

The presence of what antibody in the blood indicates past Hep A infection?

A

IgG anti-HAV

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8
Q

How is hep B spread? What is it associated with?

A

Blood-blood
Sex
mother-child

Gay/polygamous sex and IV drug users

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9
Q

Which antigen in hep B is present in all infectious individuals?

A

HBsAG (surface antigen)

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10
Q

How long does HBsAG have to be present in the blood for the infection to be classified as chronic?

A

6 months

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11
Q

Which antigen is generally present in patients with highly infectious hepatitis B?

A

HBeAG

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12
Q

The presence of which Hep B antigen indicates acute infection?

A

IgM anti-HBc

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13
Q

Which form of hepatitis is only found in conjunction with hepatitis B?

A

Hepatitis D- exacerbates hep B

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14
Q

How is hep C spread? What is it associated with?

A

Blood-Blood
Sex

IV drug use

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15
Q

Which antigen is present in individuals who have previously been infected by or immunised against Hep B?

A

Anti-HBs

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16
Q

Which form of hepatitis cannot be vaccinated against?

A

Hepatitis C

17
Q

How is hepatitis E spread?

A

Faecal-oral
Zoonosis
Person-person in immunocompromised individuals

18
Q

Which two combined treatments provide the best outcome for patients with Hep C?

A

Peginterferon and ribavarin

19
Q

What are the side effects of peginterferon?

A

Flu like symptoms

20
Q

Are antivirals used in acute or chronic hepatitis infection?

21
Q

What immunological abnormalities are seen in autoimmune hepatitis?

A

Hypergammaglobulinaemia
High IgG levels
Circulating antibodies
Plasma cell infiltration on biopsy

22
Q

Which circulating antibody indicates autoimmune hepatitis?

A

ASMA (anti-smooth muscle antibodies)

23
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of autoimmune hepatitis?

A

Symptoms: malaise, anorexia, nausea, fatigue
Signs: spider naevi, palmar erythema, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly

24
Q

How is autoimmune hepatitis treated?

A 
prednisolone 2-3 weeks
lifelong Azathioprine (immunosuppressant)

Year 1: Gastrointestinal (14 decks)

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