GI/GU

Question 1

What is the stomach capacity of a newborn?

Answer 1

~20 mL at birth; increases to ~360 mL by 1 year.

Question 2

Why is reflux common in infants?

Answer 2

Due to a relaxed cardiac sphincter and small stomach size.

Question 3

What is cleft lip/palate?

Answer 3

Failure of the maxillary/palatine processes to fuse during gestation.

Question 4

How is cleft lip diagnosed?

Answer 4

Visibly at birth.

Question 5

How is cleft palate diagnosed?

Answer 5

Palpation of the oral cavity.

Question 6

Who treats cleft conditions?

Answer 6

Multidisciplinary team: Plastic surgery, ENT, SLP, audiology, etc.

Question 7

What are special feeding considerations for cleft conditions?

Answer 7

Upright position, special feeders, cleanse suture lines post-feed.

Question 8

What is pyloric stenosis?

Answer 8

Hypertrophy of the pyloric muscle causing gastric outlet obstruction.

Question 9

What are the symptoms of pyloric stenosis?

Answer 9

Projectile vomiting, visible peristalsis, palpable olive-like mass.

Question 10

What labs are associated with pyloric stenosis?

Answer 10

Metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia.

Question 11

What is the difference between omphalocele and gastroschisis?

Answer 11

Omphalocele = sac-covered midline defect; Gastroschisis = exposed bowel through abdominal wall, no sac.

Question 12

What is intussusception?

Answer 12

Telescoping of intestine causing obstruction.

Question 13

What is the triad of symptoms for intussusception?

Answer 13

Abdominal pain, currant jelly stools, vomiting.

Question 14

What is the treatment for intussusception?

Answer 14

Air enema or surgery. Monitor for recurrence.

Question 15

What causes Hirschsprung disease?

Answer 15

Absence of ganglion cells → lack of peristalsis → megacolon.

Question 16

What is the gold standard diagnosis for Hirschsprung disease?

Answer 16

Rectal suction biopsy.

Question 17

How is appendicitis diagnosed?

Answer 17

McBurney’s point tenderness, U/S is preferred imaging.

Question 18

What are signs of perforation in appendicitis?

Answer 18

Sudden pain relief, high fever, rigid abdomen.

Question 19

When does newborn jaundice appear?

Answer 19

When bilirubin >5 mg/dL.

Question 20

What is the cause of hyperbilirubinemia?

Answer 20

Immature liver, high RBC turnover.

Question 21

What is the treatment for hyperbilirubinemia?

Answer 21

Phototherapy, monitor hydration and output.

Question 22

What is the common pathogen for UTI in children?

Answer 22

E. coli.

Question 23

What are infant UTI symptoms?

Answer 23

Fever, irritability, poor feeding, vomiting.

Question 24

What are older child UTI symptoms?

Answer 24

Dysuria, frequency, abdominal/flank pain.

Question 25

What is the treatment for pediatric UTI?

Answer 25

Antibiotics, fluids, hygiene education.

Question 26

What is the cause of Acute Post-Infectious Glomerulonephritis (APG)?

Answer 26

Post-strep immune reaction.

Question 27

What are the symptoms of APG?

Answer 27

Flank pain, hematuria, HTN, edema.

Question 28

What labs are associated with APG?

Answer 28

↑ BUN/Cr, ↑ ASO, RBC casts in UA.

Question 29

What defines nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 29

Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia.

Question 30

What is the most common type of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 30

Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome (MCNS).

Question 31

What is the treatment for nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 31

Prednisone, albumin IV, diuretics.

Question 32

What is hypospadias?

Answer 32

Urethral opening on underside of penis.

Question 33

What is epispadias?

Answer 33

Urethral opening on top of penis.

Question 34

What is the treatment for hypospadias and epispadias?

Answer 34

Surgical correction, usually before toilet training.

Question 35

Why do we care about infant stomach capacity?

Answer 35

It's very small (~20 mL) → requires small, frequent feeds. Overfeeding can lead to reflux or regurgitation.

Question 36

What is the diagnosis for cleft lip and cleft palate?

Answer 36

Cleft lip: visible split in the upper lip; Cleft palate: opening in the roof of the mouth.

Question 37

What is the treatment for cleft lip and palate?

Answer 37

Surgical repair.

Question 38

What is the post-op care for cleft conditions?

Answer 38

Upright feeding, suture care, use of special feeders.

Question 39

What are the physical findings of pyloric stenosis?

Answer 39

Olive-shaped mass, dehydration.

Question 40

What is the nursing care for pyloric stenosis?

Answer 40

NPO pre-op, IV fluids, monitor I&O, weights.

Question 41

What is the pathophysiology of Hirschsprung disease?

Answer 41

Congenital absence of ganglion cells → no peristalsis → obstruction.

Question 42

What are the tests for appendicitis?

Answer 42

McBurney’s, Psoas, Rovsing’s, Obturator signs.

Question 43

What are the nursing considerations for hyperbilirubinemia?

Answer 43

Monitor hydration, skin, TSB levels.

Question 44

What are the nursing considerations for pediatric UTI?

Answer 44

Hygiene education, fluid intake, monitoring.

Question 45

What is the treatment for Acute Post-Infectious Glomerulonephritis?

Answer 45

Supportive, monitor edema, fluids, rest.

Question 46

What are the symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 46

Edema (periorbital), weight gain, fatigue.

Question 47

What is the duration of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 47

Can recur; may become chronic.

Question 48

What are the labs for nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 48

↓ albumin, ↑ proteinuria.

Question 49

What is the post-op education for hypospadias and epispadias?

Answer 49

No circumcision before repair, catheter care, avoid straddle toys.