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Nursing 101 > GI Exam 1 > Flashcards

GI Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

4 processes of the GI tract

A

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorbtion, Excretion

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2
Q

Ingestion

A

taking in food

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3
Q

Digestion

A

breaking down to molecules for absorbtion

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4
Q

Elimination

A

excretion of waste products of digestion

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5
Q

Mucosa

A

inner most layer. Protects, secretes, absorbs.

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6
Q

Submucosa

A

contain blood & lymph vessels. Transports nutrients

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7
Q

Muscularis or muscular layer

A

motility. smooth muscles circular and longitudinal

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8
Q

Serosa or serous layer

A

protection. Outer covering

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9
Q

Peritoneum

A

Lines walls of entire abdominal cavity

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10
Q

Omentum

A

fat covering, protection

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11
Q

Mesinteric arteries

A

supply blood to GI tract

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12
Q

Drains nutrient blood to the liver from GI

A

Potral vein

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13
Q

GI tract recieves how much of total cardiac output?

A

25-30%

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14
Q

Urge to defecate after eating

A

gastrocolic and duodenocolic reflex

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15
Q

Sympathetic

A

inhibits/decreases digestive action

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16
Q

parasympathetic

A

increases frequency, strength, velocity of GI contractions

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17
Q

Chewing

A

mastication

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18
Q

swallowing

A

deglutition

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19
Q

Functions of mouth

A

mastication (mechanical mix with saliva)
speech
expression
taste

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20
Q

Salivary glands produce

A

amylast (digest starch)

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21
Q

Which muscles regulate swallowing?

A

pharyngeal muscles

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22
Q

What does the esophagus do?

A

transport food to stomach

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23
Q

What 2 sphincters of esophagus

A

UES (pharyngo-esophageal) LES (gastroesophageal)

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24
Q

What does the LES prevent?

A

GERD

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25
Q

Gastrin

A

stimulates secretion of parietal & cheif cells

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26
Q

Parietal cells

A

secretes HCl and intrinsic factor

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27
Q

Cheif cells

A

pepsinogen > pepsin > protein digestion

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28
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

alkaline mucus to lubricate, protect stomach from self digestion

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29
Q

Pyloric glands

A

secretes mucus

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30
Q

What controls gastric emptying?

A

vagal stimulation, chyme (allows pancreatic juices to neutralize), hormonal effects

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31
Q

Purpose of small intestines

A

digestion & absorbtion

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32
Q

Villi

A

increase surface area, enhance absorbtion

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33
Q

Duodenum & jejunum absorbs…

A

carbs, amino acids, lipids, iron, calcium

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34
Q

Ileum absorbs…

A

water, electrolytes, bile salts, vitamins

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35
Q

Purpose of large intestines

A

absorb water and electrolytes. Store feces till elimination

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36
Q

Purpose of rectum

A

storage & expulsion of stool

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37
Q

2 sphincters of colon. Volontary & involontary

A

Internal-involontary

external- volontary

38
Q

Defecation reflex

A

feces moves to rectum, distention, activate parasympathetic, relaxes sphincter, constricts muscles, force feces out.

39
Q

Function of the Liver

A

bile production/secretion, carb metabolism, formation clotting factors, fat metabolism, vitamin & mineral storage, filtration, detoxification, blood storage

40
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Liver cells: filter and destroy old blood cells, remove bacteria

41
Q

Blood supply to the liver

A

portal vein, hepatic artry

42
Q

How much blood is supplied to the liver by the portal vein

A

75%

43
Q

Pancreas

A

pancreatic juice aid to digestion, neutralize chyme. Enter via common bile duct.

44
Q

Gall bladder

A

store and concentrate bile

45
Q

Bile

A

emulsifies fats

46
Q

Bilirubin. What does it come from?

A

pigment derived from breakdown of hemoglobin- main component of bile.
Bile>bilirubin>urobilinogen>excretes in feces & urine

47
Q

First sign of GI problem

A

pain

48
Q

Cullen sign

A

bluish around umbilicus = internal bleeding

49
Q

Blumberg’s sign

A

rebound tenderness sign of peritonitis

50
Q

McBurney’s point

A

1/3 distance between umbilicum and iliac crest. Appendicitis

51
Q

Order of abdominal assessment

A

Inspection, auscultation, percuss, palpate

52
Q

Diagnostic studies

A

CBC, WBC, PT, electrolytes, Liver function(ALT), stool analysis, stool culture, fecal occult, gastric analysis

53
Q

Paracentesis

A

aspirate fluid from abdomen

void prior to procedure!

54
Q

GI cocktail

A

determine GERD or heart attack

litocane, donatol, maylox

55
Q

Radiology tests

A

Xray, CAT/MRI, barrium swallow (upper and lower), abdominal angiogram

56
Q

Endoscopy

A

EDG, colonoscopy

57
Q

Liver biopsy

A

PTT, position patient on right side for 2 hours, monitor hemorrhage

58
Q

Hungar

A

uneasy or painful sensation caused by lack of food

59
Q

Hidden hunger

A

subclinical deficiencies but no obvious signs of undernutrition

60
Q

Food insecurity

A

lack of access to food to meet dietary needs

61
Q

Malnutrition

A

deficiency or excess of nutrients

62
Q

Malcutrition causes…

A

weakens the immune system, stunts growth, delay wound healing, impairs mental and physical growth

63
Q

under nutrition

A

state of poor nutrition from an inadequate diets of diseases that affect appetite and utilization of food

64
Q

over nutrition

A

ingestion of more food than required for body needs

65
Q

protein calorie malnutrition

A

chronic inadequate protein

high metabolic protein and energy requirements

66
Q

Catabolism

A

without needed proteins and calories, body fills its energy needs by breaking down stored proteins and fats (loose muscle mass, weakness, fatigue, poor wound healing, death)

67
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

lack of protein quality and quantity in presend of adequate calories (edema, acites)

68
Q

Marasmus

A

calorie malnutrition in which body fat and proteins are wasted

69
Q

Starvation

A 
carbs used up, glycogen
fats
proteins converted to glucose
plasma oncotic pressure decreases, fluid shift
edema
dry wrinkled skin
sodium/potassum pump fail, cell expand and die
death
70
Q

Subjective data starvation

A

dietary intake for last 24 hours
profile for last 2 weeks
etoh intake
meds

71
Q

Objective data starvation

A

physiccal exam
height and weight
mid arm circumference
BMI

72
Q

Lab values starvation

A

PREALBUMIN
H&H
iron
protein

73
Q

Starvation-exspected outcomes

A 
achieve weight gain (1-2 lbs per week
consume specific number of calories per day
select good food choices
take rest periods for 30 mins
no evidence of infection
74
Q

Goal of treatment for starvation

A

restore nutrition with diet high in calories and protein

75
Q

Nursing interventions for starvation

A 
small frequent meals
supplemental feedings
vitamin supplements
foods from home
good mouth care
rest periods
pain relief
socialization at mealtimes
observe for s/s of infection
correct fluid & electrolyte imbalance
treat infection
TPN
76
Q

Bariatric medicine

A

branch of medicine that deals with prevention, control, and treatment of obesity

77
Q

Obesity patho

A

results when calrie intake exceeds energy demands for a prolonged period of time and the body stores excess calories as fat

78
Q

Primary obesity

A

excess calorie intake for metabolic demands

79
Q

Hypertrophic obesity

A

increase in size aof adipose cells. ADULT

80
Q

Hyperplactic obesity

A

increase in cell size & number of fat cells (YOUNG AGE)

81
Q

Android obesity

A

fat distributed over abdomen and upper body, apple shape. right for cardiovasular disease

82
Q

Gynecoid obesity

A

fat distributed over hips, better prognosis. harder to loose weight.

83
Q

BMI

A

Normal 18.5-24.9
Morbide obese 41-45
super obese >50

84
Q

Complications of obesity

A

cardio, rasp, vascular, infection

85
Q

Gastroplasty

A

stomach divided by surgery, stapling, or banding itno small upper portion and large distal portion

86
Q

Primary cause of tooth decay

A

plaque

87
Q

gingivitis

A

inflammation of gums

pockets form, collects bacteria, gums recede, bone destruction

88
Q

Indication of gingivitis

A

painless bleeding of gums with normal brushing

89
Q

Halitosis

A

bad breath

90
Q

Stomatitis

A

inflamation of mouth

91
Q

glossitis

A

tongue inflammation

Nursing 101 (7 decks)

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