GI, ENT + Eye Infections Flashcards
What are the 7 bacteria that can cause gastroenteritis + mode of transmission + which is the most common + remarks
salmonella species
eg. s enteriditis
(most common)
salmonella typhi (thypoid fever)
salmonella paratyphi
shigella species
campylobacter jejuni
vibrio species
clostridium difficile (c.diff)
what is the MOT & treatment of vibrio cholera
- MOT - water
- treatment - oral rehydration therapy (ORT)
What are the 3 viruses that can cause gastroenteritis
norovirus (often cause diarrhea & vomiting)
rotavirus
adenovirus
Which virus is the most infectious and spreads rapidly?
Norovirus
what are the samples to send for bacterial/Cdiff/viral/parasitic gastroenteritis + remarks
bacterial: stool for c&s 24-48hrs turnaround time
❗c.diff: stool for c.diff toxins, culture is not performed
viruses: stool for EIA or PCR culture is not performed
parasites: stool for microscopy OCP (ova, cyst & parasites), culture is not performed
What is the definition of peritonitis?
- Inflammation/Infection of the peritoneum due to perforation of intestine/gall/other organs within the abdomen
- Peritoneum is normally a sterile site
list 4 risk factors of peritonitis
- appendicitis
- colonic cancer
- following bowel surgery
- c.diff colitis/toxic megacolon
How does someone get megacolon?
When patient gets exposed with too much antibiotics, it kills their gut flora and allows C diff to colonize the GI tract leading to infection and the bacteria releasing toxins
How is megacolon treated?
- Stop antibiotics as it kills commensal flora
- Use Cdiff specific antibiotics
- If antibiotics dont work, needs surgery
Signs that a patient is heading towards megacolon
Having diarrhoea and suddenly stop while having fever
what are the pathogens that can be found in perforated GI tract & Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP)
- CPAEC: Careful planning always ensures success
1. coliforms
2. pseudomonas aeruginosa
3. anaerobes
4. enterococci
5. candida (yeast)
what are the pathogens that can be found in peritonitis a/w peritoneal dialysis (8)
- coliforms
- pseudomonas aeruginosa
- anaerobic
- enterococci
- candida (yeast)
- skin flora member
- usually coagulase negative staphylococcus - staph aureus
- other environmental bacteria
❗what is the most common cause of PUD
h.pylori
list the pathogens that cause pharyngitis + which is the most common + remarks
viruses eg. rhinovirus (most common)
- self limiting
group A streptococcus(2nd most common cause)
- atbx to prevent complication eg. rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease, glomerulonephritis, nec fasc, toxic shock syndrome, scarlet feverisolate pt
Corynebacterium
diphtheria (gram+)
- can be prevented w vaccination bull neck appearance due to airway obstruction cause by pseudo membrane arrhythmia due to exotoxins
What is Corynebacterium diphtheriae? (3)
- Acute bacterial infection involving tonsils, pharynx, larynx and skin (Diphtheria)
- Causes bull neck appearance
- Arrhythmia due to exotoxins
What is the diagnosis sample for Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Culture of clinical specimen (throat or nasopharyngeal swab)
How is Corynebacterium diphtheriae prevented?
- Vaccination
- Antibiotic prophylaxis of close contacts
What is the definition of otitis externa?
- infection of the external auditory canal (Outer ear) due to water trapping
- “Swimmers ear”
list 2 bug that cause Otitis externa
- staph aureus
- pseudomonas aeruginosa
treatment of Otitis externa
atbx ear drop
what is malignant OE
severe form of OE that may invade bone (osteomyelitis), blood vessels or nerve
causative bug of malignant OE
pseudomonas aeruginosa
what is the definition of otitis media (OM)
obstruction of eustachian tube following viral infection
What bacteria causes OM?
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Haemophilus influenzae
