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Pharmacology > GI Drugs > Flashcards

GI Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Which neurotransmitters inhibit appetite?

A

serotonin (5-HT2)

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2
Q

Which neurotransmitters stimulate appetite?

A
  • norepinephrine (a2)
  • dopamine
  • GABA (inhibits satiety center)
  • ghrelin
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3
Q

Benzodiazepines

  • type of drug
  • use
  • formulations
  • side effects/cautions
A
  • GABA agonists
  • stimulate GABA inhibits satiety center to increase appetite
  • use short term only
  • Diazepam IV, Midazolam IV or IM
  • sedation, PO diazepam can cause hepatotoxicity in cats
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4
Q

Propofol

  • type of drug
  • use
  • caution
A
  • GABA agonist
  • very short term for appetite stimulant
  • caution in cats: Heinz body anemia
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5
Q

Capromorelin

  • type of drug
  • use
A
  • Ghrelin receptor agonist

- Ghrelin stimulates hypothalamus to increase appetite

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6
Q

Cyproheptadine

  • type of drug
  • use, what animal
  • administration
  • side effects
A
  • serotonin antagonist
  • inhibits satiety center, stimulating appetite
  • effective in cats
  • oral
  • side effect is sedation
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7
Q

Mirtazapine

  • type of drug
  • use, what animal
A
  • serotonin antagonist
  • blocks 5-HT receptors and increases NE, to stimulate appetite
  • used in dogs more than cats
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8
Q

Where is the emetic center located?

What does it contain?

A
  • inside the BBB
  • afferent nerves
  • Neurokinin-1
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9
Q

Where is the CRTZ?

What does it contain?

A
  • outside the BBB

- serotonin, adrenergic, dopamine, metabolic

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10
Q

How is the cat CRTZ different from the dog?

A
  • cats have more alpha 2 and 5-HT, and fewer D2 and H1 (histamine)
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11
Q

Hydrogen peroxide

  • where and how does it act?
  • use
  • cautions
A
  • peripherally acting emetic, direct irritation of oropharynx/GI lining
  • used for immediate emesis if no other options
  • don’t use in cats (hemorrhagic gastritis)
  • don’t use other peripheral emetics
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12
Q

Apomorphine

  • type of drug
  • how it acts
  • which animal
  • caution
A
  • centrally acting emetic
  • stimulates dopamine receptors (D2)
  • more effective in dogs
  • overdose can cause resp depression, reverse with naloxone
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13
Q

Xylazine
Dexmedetomidine
- type of drug
- which animal

A
  • centrally acting emetic
  • alpha 2 agonists
  • more effective in cats
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14
Q

Maropitant citrate

  • type of drug
  • use
  • caution
A
  • neurokinin inhibitor
  • prevention of motion sickness in dogs, and treatment of acute vomiting in dogs and cats
  • injection stings
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15
Q

Metoclopramide

  • type of drug
  • use
  • administration
A
  • dopamine antagonist (antiemetic)
  • also blocks 5-HT3 receptors and is a prokinetic
  • antagonizes apomorphine induced emesis
  • oral or injectable
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16
Q

Ondansetron

  • type of drug
  • use
A
  • serotonin antagonist

- used for chemotherapy related nausea

17
Q

Cimetidine

  • type of drug
  • actions
A
  • anti-ulcer medication
  • anti-histamine (H2) blocker: competitive inhibtion
  • inhibit gastric acid and pepsin secretion
  • inhibitor of hepatic microsomal enzymes
18
Q

Famotidine

  • type of drug
  • compared to Cimetidine
A
  • anti-ulcer

- more potent than Cimetidine, may last longer

19
Q

Ranitidine

  • type of drug
  • other effect
A
  • anti-acid

- has some prokinetic activity

20
Q

What are the actions of Proton Pump Inhibitors?

Name a drug

A
  • irreversibly inhibit H/K ATPase proton pump resulting in decreased hydrochloric acid production
  • more potent than H2-blockers
  • raises gastric pH
  • Omeprazole for horses
21
Q

Misoprostol

  • type of drug
  • action
  • use
  • cautions
A
  • anti-ulcer, prostaglandin E1 analog
  • increases mucus and sodium bicarbonate secretion, stimulate epithelialization of mucosa and blood flow to heal ulcers
  • used orally to treat NSAID-induced gastric ulcers
  • cautions: abortifacient, can stimulate uterine contraction and cause diarrhea
22
Q

Sucralfate

  • type of drug, formulation
  • actions
  • cautions
A
  • anti-ulcer, sucrose-aluminum compound given orally
  • binds to ulcer site and protects against acid, pepsin, and bile
  • also stimulates protective PGs and antioxidants, and increases mucosal blood flow
  • poorly absorbed, constipation, binds to other drugs
23
Q

Oral antacids

  • name 3
  • actions
  • caution
A
  • Aluminum, magnesium, and calcium salts
  • chemically neutralize hydrochloric acid
  • aluminum inactivates pepsin and binds to bile salts
  • can cause constipation
24
Q

What substances increase GI activity?

What substances decrease GI activity?

A
  • Increase: acetylcholine, serotonin, peptides

- Decrease: norepinephrine, dopamine, endorphins

25
Q

What are Emollient laxatives?

A

mechanical lubricants

- mineral oil, laxatone

26
Q

What are Simple Bulk laxatives?

A

absorb water from the lumen and swell up

- Psyllium

27
Q

What are Osmotic Cathartics?

A

osmotically draw fluid into the GI lumen

- Sugar alcohols, polyethylene glycol

28
Q

What are irritant cathartics?

A

irritate the GI mucosa to stimulate motility and secretions

- Bisacodyl

29
Q

What is Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy?

- Which drugs are used?

A
  • treatment for exocrine pancreatic insuficiency

- Viokase, Pancrezyme, Raw pancrease

30
Q

Lactulose

  • use
  • administration
  • action
A
  • used in the management of hepatic encephalopathy
  • also a laxative
  • given orally, but can be given as retention enema
  • ion trap ammonia in the colonic lumen to enhance removal from body
31
Q

Ursodiol

  • made from what
  • use
  • actions
  • cautions
A
  • bile acid salt obtained from bears, now synthesized
  • used in chronic inflammatory liver disease in small animals
  • increases bile flow
  • contraindicated if biliary obstruction
  • can interfere with bile acid tests

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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