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Pharmacology > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Bethanechol

A
  • direct acting parasympathomimetic
  • muscarinic agonist
  • oral medication
  • increase bladder contractility
  • increase GI motility
  • do not use if GI obstruction
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2
Q

Neostigmine

A
  • indirect acting parasympathomimetic
  • treatment of rumen atony
  • stimulating GI motility, bladder emptying
  • treatment of myasthenia gravis
  • contraindicated: peritonitis, GI obstruction, pregnancy, other cholinesterase inhibitors
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3
Q

Pyridostigmine

A
  • indirect acting parasympathomimetic
  • onset 1 hour, lasts 8-12 hours
  • treatment for myasthenia gravis
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4
Q

Edrophonium

A
  • indirect acting parasympathomimetic
  • injectable
  • onset 1 minute, lasts 10 minutes
  • tensilon test for myasthenia gravis
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5
Q

What are the effects of Atropine?

A
  • tachycardia
  • mydriasis
  • reduces salivation
  • slows gut
  • bronchodilation
  • difficulty with urination
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6
Q

Atropine Sulfate

A
  • direct acting parasympatholytic
  • treats bradyarrhythmias/bradycardia, toxicity, and cholinergic crisis/anticholinesterase overdose
  • should not be used if tachycardia present
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7
Q

Glycopyrrolate

A
  • direct acting parasympatholytic
  • slower onset and longer duration than atropine
  • treats same as atropine (bradycardia)
  • pre-med in anesthesia
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8
Q

Oxybutynin and Propantheline

A
  • direct acting parasympatholytics

- relaxes detrusor muscle and allows bladder to better fill

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9
Q

Catecholamines

A
  • direct acting sympathomimetic a/b agonists
  • poorly absorbed after oral administration, usually given by injection
  • readily absorbed from respiratory tract
  • do not readily cross BBB
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10
Q

Catecholamines negative effects

A
  • can predispose to arrhythmias/tachycardia
  • anxiety, restlessness, tremors
  • cerebral hemorrhage
  • altered perfusion of kidneys
  • extravasation of NE/dopamine can cause tissue damage
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11
Q

Epinephrine

A
  • catecholamine
  • activates all adrenergic receptors
  • B1: cardiac contraction, B2: bronchodilation and vasodilation, A1: vasoconstriction
  • no PO administration
  • used for cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis/anaphylactoid reaction
  • used with local anesthetics to produce local vasoconstriction and delay absorption
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12
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • catecholamine
  • activates A1, A2, B1, but not B2
  • vasoconstriction, stronger at similar doses to epinephrine
  • increases afterload
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13
Q

Dopamine

A
  • catecholamine
  • low dose: dopamine agonist
  • medium-low dose: B1 agonist
  • medium-high dose: B1 agonist
  • high dose: A1 agonist
  • very short half life
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14
Q

Dobutamine

A
  • sympathomimetic, direct acting, synthetic catecholamine B1 agonist
  • IV administration
  • positive inotropic effect
  • used for acute heart failure
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15
Q

Isoproterenol

A
  • sympathomimetic, direct acting, synthetic catecholamine, nonspecific B agonist
  • IV administration
  • positive inotropic effect
  • bronchodilation
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16
Q

Phenylephrine

A
  • sympathomimetic direct acting alpha 1 agonist
  • increases peripheral vascular resistance
  • effects immediately, lasts 20 minutes
  • used to treat hypotension in dogs and cats
17
Q

Ractopamine and Zilpaterol

A
  • sympathomimetic, direct acting non-selective beta agonist
  • particularly beta 3
  • partitioning agents
  • increase weight gain rate, feed efficiency and carcass leanness
18
Q

Use and cautions of selective beta-2 agonists

A
  • bronchodilators in treatment of asthma/COPD
  • cilia augmentors
    cautions: avoid in patients with cardiovascular disease
19
Q

Albuterol

A
  • sympathomimetic direct acting selective beta 2 agonist

- often used with inhalers

20
Q

Clenbuterol

A
  • sympathomimetic direct acting selective beta 2 agonist

- oral syrup used in equines

21
Q

Tetrabutaline

A
  • sympathomimetic direct acting selective beta 2 agonist

- tablet or injectable in small animals

22
Q

General use of indirect/mixed acting sympathomimetics

A
  • use for CNS effects

- behavior modification (antidepressants)

23
Q

Phenylpropanolamine

A
  • sympathomimetic mixed acting
  • indirect increase in NE in bladder, and direct alpha 1 agonist
  • used in small animals to treat urinary incontinence due to urethral sphincter hypotonus
24
Q

Ephedrine

A
  • sympathomimetic mixed acting
  • indirect increase in NE release and direct alpha 1 and beta activation
  • used as CRI to maintain blood pressure under anesthesia
25
Q

Phenoxybenzamine

A
  • sympatholytic direct acting, non-specific alpha antagonist
  • binds irreversibly to receptors
  • available as oral capsule
  • treats urinary retention due to urethral hypertonicity, and pheochromocytoma
  • relaxes internal sphincter
  • in small animals
26
Q

Prazosin

A
  • sympatholytic direct acting, alpha 1 antagonist
  • urinary smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilation
  • used in small animals to treat urinary retention due to urethral hypertonicity
27
Q

Propranolol

A
  • sympatholytic direct acting, non-specific beta antagonist
  • decreases SA firing (bradycardia) and AV conduction
  • decreases cardiac output and myocardial oxygen demand
  • increases airway resistance
  • used to treat supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, feline hyperthyroidism, and methylxanthine toxicosis
  • oral or injectible
  • crosses BBB, significant first-pass effect
28
Q

Propranolol Cautions

A
  • bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm
  • receptor desensitization and upregulation
  • contraindicated with heart failure, sinus bradycardia, heart block, and bronchospastic lung disease
  • caution if hepatic or renal disease, hypoglycemia, or digitalis
29
Q

Atenolol

A
  • sympatholytic direct acting, beta 1 antagonist
  • longer half-life than propranolol
  • lack of beta-2 effects, so better choice for patients with bronchoconstriction
30
Q

Esmolol

A
  • sympatholytic direct acting, beta 1 antagonist
  • ultra short acting
  • used IV for controlling arrhythmias
31
Q

Reserpine

A
  • sympatholytic indirect acting
  • blocks NE uptake into vesicles which reduces storage of NE and leads to mediator depletion
  • used for calming equines

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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