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Anesthesia Drugs (Final) Flashcards

1
Q

Tranquilizer action

A

induces a state of behavioral change wherein anxiety is relieved and the patient is relaxed although aware of their surroundings

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2
Q

Sedative action

A

induces a state characterized by CNS depression and drowsiness, decreased awareness of surroundings

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3
Q

Hypnotic action

A

induces sleep

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4
Q

Narcotic action

A

induces stupor bordering on general anesthesia

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5
Q

Methocarbamol

  • type of drug
  • administration
  • actions
A
  • muscle relaxant (anesthetic)
  • oral or injectable (don’t use IM/SC)
  • injectable only in emergency
  • causes mild to moderate muscle relaxation
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6
Q

Methocarbamol

  • uses
  • adverse effects
A
  • used to treat acute inflammatory and traumatic conditions of the skeletal muscles, and to reduce muscular spasms
  • intervertebral disk disease, poisoning
  • adverse: sedation, salivation, weakness, lethargy, ataxia
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7
Q

Acepromazine

  • drug class
  • MOA
  • administration
A
  • phenothiazine
  • blocks dopamine receptors in the CNS
  • IV, IM, SQ, or PO
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8
Q

Acepromazine

- effects

A
  • good sedation, anti-emetic
  • moderate muscle relaxation
  • hypotension (blocks alpha 1)
  • reduced hematocrit
  • antihistamine
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9
Q

Acepromazine cautions

A
  • do not use if vasodilation is contraindicated
  • boxers/large breeds/sight hounds/MDR1 mutants are more sensitive
  • penile prolapse and injury in stallions
  • not approved in food animals
  • aggressive dogs may startle easily
  • functional liver disease
  • concurrent with epinephrine
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10
Q

Benzodiazepines MOA

A

bind to and activate benzodiazepine binding site on GABAa receptors to cause hyperpolarization of neurons

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11
Q

Benzodiazapine clinical uses

A
  • anxiolytic
  • anticonvulsant
  • pre-anesthetics
  • sedation
  • muscle relaxation
  • appetite stimulation
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12
Q

Pharmacokinetics of Benzodiazapine

  • distribution
  • metabolism/excretion
A
  • lipid soluble
  • crosses BBB, protein bound
  • metabolized in liver
  • excreted in urine
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13
Q

Cautions of Benzodiazepines

A
  • hepatotoxicity seen in cats with oral diazepam
  • muscle fasciculations in horses
  • paradoxical excitement
  • propylene glycol (diazepam injection) painful with IM
  • may be teratogenic
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14
Q

What is Flumazenil used for?

A

benzodiazepine reversal

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15
Q

Alpha 2 agonist effects

A
  • very good sedation
  • good muscle relaxation
  • mild analgesia
  • biphasic cardiovascular effects
  • mild resp depression
  • emetic in cats
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16
Q

What type of drug is Xylazine?

Which species are more sensitive, less sensitive?

A

alpha 2 agonist

cattle > small ruminants > cat/dog/horse > swine > rodents

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17
Q

What type of drug is Dexmedetomidine?

A

alpha 2 agonist

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18
Q

What type of drug is Yohimbine?

A

alpha 2 antagonist

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19
Q

What type of drug is Atipamezole?

A

alpha 2 antagonist

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20
Q

MOA of alpha 2 agonists

A
  • activate alpha 2 adrenergic receptors
  • negative coupling of Gi/o protein to adenylyl cyclase to decrease cAMP
  • increases outward K+
  • decreases release of NE
21
Q

Alpha 2 agonist effects

A
  • sedation
  • analgesia
  • muscle relaxation
  • emesis
  • initial peripheral vasoconstriction, then central vasodilation, hypotension
22
Q

Define neuroleptanalgesia

A

combination of a sedative with an analgesic, which results in synergistic effects

23
Q

What are the endogenous ligands for u receptors, and what are the main effects?

A
  • B endorphins, endomorphins

- analgesia, sedation, respiratory and GI depression

24
Q

What is the endogenous ligand for k receptors, and what are the main effects?

A
  • dynorphin

- analgesia, sedation

25
Which drugs are in each of the 4 drug schedules?
- 1: heroin - 2: most full u agonists (morphine) - 3: buprenorphine - 4: butorphanol, tramadol
26
Describe the MOA of opioid agonists
- activation of Gi/o coupled receptors - reduces adenylate cyclase activity - hyperpolarizes neurons by increasing K+ efflux - reduces neurotransmitter release by decreasing calcium influx - inhibit neurotransmission
27
Effects of opioid agonists - sedation/analgesia/resp/CV/other - what CNS effects?
- neuroleptanalgesia (not sedation) - excellent analgesia - respiratory depression, min CV effects - antitussive, vomiting, decrease intestinal motility, urinary retention, histamine release - CNS depression, decrease motor, hypothermia, miosis (dogs, humans) - CNS stimulation, increase motor, hyperthermia, mydriasis (cats, horses, ruminants)
28
Opioid agonists - administration - distribution - metabolism - excretion
- usually IM or IV - some PO, IV CRI, epidural, transdermal, oral transmucosal - distributed well throughout body - metabolized by liver - excreted in urine
29
Clinical uses of opioid agonists
- analgesia, epidurals - preanesthetic (neuroleptanalgesia) - antitussive - emesis - antidiarrheal
30
Opioid agonist cautions
- head injuries - any time decreased GI motility is contraindicated - cardiac or resp disease, or acute renal failure - hyperthermia seen in cats
31
Morphine - type of drug - use - onset/duration - caution
- opioid full u agonist - used in epidurals: analgesic - onset 5-15min, duration hours - risk of histamine release in IV use
32
Hydromorhpone - type of drug - use
- opioid full u agonist | - used IV in place of morphine
33
Fentanyl - type of drug - use - onset/duration
- opioid full u agonist - CRI analgesic - onset 1 min, lasts 30 mins
34
Carfentanil/Etorphine - type of drug - use
- opioid full u agonist - used in wildlife, very potent - specialized training required
35
Buprenorphine - type of drug - onset/duration - administration - use
- semisynthetic opioid partial u agonist - onset 45min, lasts 8 hrs - IV, IM, SC, transmucosal - at-home analgesia
36
Butorphanol - type of drug - administration - use
- opioid synthetic k agonist and u antagonist - IV, IM, SC, PO - analgesic in cats, dogs, and horses - antitussive in dogs - better for visceral pain than somatic
37
Naloxone - type of drug and use - onset/duration
- full opioid antagonist - competitive receptor antagonist used for reversal of opioid-induced adverse affects - will also reverse analgesic effects - rapid onset (minutes) and short duration (1-2 hours) - repeat doses until opioid is gone
38
Hydrocodone - type of drug - use - what schedule drug - caution
- semisynthetic opioid - used orally as an antitussive, not usually as an analgesic - schedule 2 drug - human formulations contain other drugs
39
What are the stages of anesthesia?
1) analgesia 2) excitement phase 3) surgical anesthesia (light, med, deep) 4) medullary paralysis 5) death
40
Propofol - type of drug - two formulations and their features - administration - onset/duration
- injectable anesthetic - Propoflo: egg lecithin and soybean oil, use within 24 hrs - Propoflo 28: benzyl alcohol preservative, stable for 28 days, not labeled for cats - IV slowly - rapid onset, short duration
41
Propofol - distribution - metabolism - excretion
- widely distributed, lipid soluble - rapid metabolism, hepatic and extrahepatic - excreted in urine
42
Propofol effects
- dose-dependent CNS depression - vasodilation without relfex tachycardia - dose-dependent resp depression - laryngeal reflexes decreased - appetite stimulant - myoclonus on induction
43
Alfaxalone - type of drug - administration - onset/duration
- injectable anesthetic - neurosteroid, an analog of progesterone - labeled for IV only (off-label IM), CRI - rapid onset, short duration - use within 24 hrs
44
Alfaxalone effects
- dose dependent CNS depression - no significant analgesia - good muscle relaxation - myoclonus on induction
45
What is dissociative anesthesia?
drugs that dissociate the thalamiocortical and limbic systems resulting in a catatonic state where eyes remain open and swalling reflexes function - skeletal muscles maintain tone - sensory input dissociated from perception
46
Ketamine - type of drug - MOA - uses
- injectable dissociative anesthetic - NMDA receptor channel blockade - restraint and anesthesia for minor procedures - induction of anesthesia - kitty magic (ket, dexmed, bupren) - part of triple drip in large animals - analgesia MLK drip
47
Ketamine effects
- thalamocortical and limbic system depression - catalepsy - analgesia - increased sympathetic tone - bronchodilation - stimulation of salivary secretion
48
Ketamine cautions
- pain with IM injection - lubricate open eyes - resp depression at high doses - rough recovery - contra: increased ICP or IOP, seizures, cardiac disease, hypertension, hepatic or renal insufficiency - muscle tremors, CNS stimulation, vomiting

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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