GI disorders Flashcards
whats in the right upper quadrant
Liver
Gallbladder
Duodenum
Head of pancreas
Right kidney & adrenal gland
Part of ascending & transverse colon
what’s in the left upper quadrant
Stomach
Spleen
Left lobe of liver
Body of pancreas
Left kidney & adrenal gland
Part of transverse and descending colon.
what’s in the right lower quadrant
Cecum
Appendix
Right ovary and tube
Right ureter
Right spermatic cord
what’s in the left lower quadrant
Part of descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Left ovary and tube
Left ureter
Left spermatic cord
what are some Anatomical considerations for the Older adult
Abdominal wall musculature relaxes.
Salivation decreases, leading to a dry mouth and decreased sense of taste.
Oesophageal emptying and gastric acid secretion are delayed.
Incidence of gallstones increases with age.
Although liver size decreases, most liver functions remain normal; however, drug metabolism is impaired.
Aging adults frequently report constipation.
What is Normal Bowel Function
Bowel function is considered ‘normal’ if described as passing a bowel motion as much as three times per day or as little as once every three days.
The motion should pass without straining and there should be a feeling of complete emptiness.
what is constipation
Difficulty passing stools or infrequent bowel movements (i.e. less than two stools per week).
Functional – normal transit constipation
Mechanical - Obstructive emptying (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease)
what is bowel obstruction
When the lumen of the bowel becomes either partially or completely blocked.
can occur in small or large intestine
Can be functional or mechanical in nature.
what are some common causes of constipation for older adults
Decreased physical activity
Inadequate intake of water
Low-fibre diet
Side effects of medications (e.g. opioids)
Irritable bowel syndrome
Bowel obstruction
Hypothyroidism
Inadequate toilet facilities or difficulty ambulating to toilet may cause a person to deliberately retain stool until it becomes hard and difficult to pass.
symptoms of constipation
Abdominal distension
Abdominal discomfort
Reduced appetite
Headache
Indigestion.
Trouble passing stool
Change to usual bowel routine – more infrequent
Passing hard stools
Straining when trying to pass stool
Passing only small amounts of faeces.
Feeling as though bowels are not completely emptied following bowel motion.
wha† are common causes of nausea and vomiting
Illness /Infection (e.g. COVID, chest infection, influenza).
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)
Migraine headaches
Gastroenteritis
Medications
Poisoning /Food poisoning
Stress & Anxiety
Bowel obstruction
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Kidney stones
what is some subjective data for a GI assessment
Appetite
Dysphagia
Food intolerance
Abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
Bowel habits
Past abdominal history
Medications
Nutritional assessment
GI assessment objective data
Vital signs
Abdominal assessment
Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation
Pain assessment
