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Anatomy > GI - Class 2 > Flashcards

GI - Class 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the peritoneum?

A

visceral and parietal layer

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2
Q

Define peritoneal cavity

A

Potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum that contains serous fluid

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3
Q

Through which passage does the two sacs communicate?

A

epiploic foramen located behind the stomach

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4
Q

Give examples of retroperitoneal organs

A

kidney, rectum, oesophagus, ascending and descending colon

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5
Q

Give examples of intraperitoneal organs

A

stomach, liver, spleen, jejunum

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6
Q

Define intraperitoneal organs

A

Organs completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum

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7
Q

Define retroperitoneal organs

A

Organs covered on their anterior surface and therefore firmly attached to the posterior wall

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8
Q

Define extraperitoneal organs

A

Structures in the abdomen-pelvic cavity which are not covered in peritoneum.

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9
Q

Which layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to heat, pain and pressure?

A

parietal layer

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10
Q

What are the attachments of the greater omentum?

A

greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon

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11
Q

What are the attachments of the lesser omentum?

A

lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

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12
Q

What is the innervation of the parietal peritoneum

A

Pain from the parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal wall is innervate by the lower 6 thoracic nerves and L1. Thus pain here is somatic and can be precisely localized . Rebound tenderness occurs.

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13
Q

What is the innervation of the visceral peritoneum?

A

The visceral peritoneum is innervated by autonomic nerves. Pain is often referred, and is dull and poorly localized

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14
Q

Where is pain referred to?

A

because the GI tract is a midline structure receiving bilateral nerve supply, pain is referred to the midline.

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15
Q

What are the wall muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

psoas major, iliac, quadrates lumborum

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16
Q

What vertebral level is the opening for the IVC in the diaphragm

A

T8

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17
Q

What vertebral level is the opening for the oesophagus in the diaphragm

A

T10

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18
Q

What vertebral level is the opening for the aorta in the diaphragm

A

T12

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19
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the gut and what vertebral level do they occur?

A

celiac trunk (T12), superior mesenteric artery (L1) and inferior mesenteric artery (L3)

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20
Q

What forms the IVC in the abdomen

A

hepatic portal vein

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21
Q

At what vertebral level does the aorta bifurcate?

A

L4

22
Q

What artery supplies the foregut?

A

Celiac trunk

23
Q

What artery supplies the midgut?

A

SMA

24
Q

What artery supplies the hindgut?

A

IMA

25
Q

What two veins from the portal vein?

A

splenic vein and the superior mesenteric vein

26
Q

List 4 sites of portocaval anastomoses

A

In the distal oesophagus, retroperitoneal, rectal and paraumbilical

27
Q

What is the clinical significance of these portocaval anastomose

A

portal hypertension causes dilation of these anastomotic veins

28
Q

What is the sympathetic nerve supply to the abdominal viscera?

A
  • Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser and least)
  • prevertebral sympathetic ganglion
  • abdominal aortic plexuses
29
Q

What is the parasympathetic nerve supply to the abdominal viscera?

A
  • anterior and posterior vagal trunks (vagus nerve - 10th cranial nerve)
  • pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2, S3, S4)
30
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic innervation on GI activity?

A

Increased GI secretion, increased peristalsis and GI motility and vasodilation of blood vessels

31
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on GI activity?

A

decreased GI secretion, decreased peristalsis and GI motility and vasoconstriction of blood vessels

32
Q

What is the effect of a vagotomy on gastric secretion?

A

decreased gastric secretion

33
Q

What is the difference between the greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves and the pelvic splanchnic nerve

A

Greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves have sympathetic innervation.
Pelvic splanchnic nerve has parasympathetic innervation.

34
Q

What are splanchnic nerves?

A

Paired visceral nerves carrying fibers of the autonomic nervous system (visceral efferent fibers) as well as sensory fibers from the organs (visceral afferent fibers).

35
Q

What is the chief difference in the arrangement of ganglia in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?

A

sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic fibers and sympathetic fibers tend to form more synapses than parasympathetic fibers.

36
Q

The right kidney lies slightly at a lower level than the left kidney. What is the reason for this?

A

liver lies above the right kidney

37
Q

What is the anterior to posterior arrangement of the structures entering and leaving the hilum of the kidney?

A

Renal vein, renal artery, ureter

38
Q

How are the kidneys peritonised?

A

retroperitoneal

39
Q

What type of gland is the adrenal gland?

A

endocrine gland

40
Q

What is the anatomical location of the adrenal (suprarenal) glands?

A

superior to the kidney

41
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands.

A

endocrine glands secrete into the blood whereas exocrine glands secrete into ducts.

42
Q

What is the term used to describe the expanded upper part of the ureter

A

renal pelvis

43
Q

What 3 locations do the ureter constrict?

A

pelviureteric junction, pelvic brim, vesicoureteric junction

44
Q

How are the ureters peritonised?

A

retroperitoneal

45
Q

What is the function of the portal vein?

A

Transport venous blood from the spleen, pancreas, gall bladder and abdominal part of the GI tract

46
Q

How is the portal vein formed?

A

By the union of splenic vein with the superior mesenteric vein

47
Q

Where is the portal vein located?

A

Behind the neck of pancreas (L 2 vertebral level)

48
Q

What is the location of portocaval shunts

A

Anorectal junction, gastroesophageal junction and at the umbilicus

49
Q

During portal hypertension what occurs at the portocaval shunts

A

Anorectal junction - hemorrhoids Gastroesophageal junction - esophageal varices
Umbilicus - caput medusa

50
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the abdominal organs?

A 
Vagus nerve (CN X) and 
pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2, S3, & S4)
51
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the abdominal organs?

A

abdominopelvic, splanchnic nerves (greater T5-T9, lesser T10-T11 and least T12)
prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
abdominal aortic plexus

Anatomy (5 decks)

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