GI - Class 1

Question 1

What are the two imaginary lines used to divide the abdomen in 4 quadrants?

Answer 1

Transumbilical plane

Median plane

Question 2

What are the imaginary lines used to divide the abdomen into 9 regions?

Answer 2

Two horizontal:
subcostal plane and trans tubercular plane
Two vertical:
right and left midclavicular planes

Question 3

Name a few organs in the right hypochondriac

Answer 3

Liver, gallbladder, right kidney

Question 4

Name a few organs in the epigastric

Answer 4

stomach, pancreas, duodenum

Question 5

Name a few organs in the left hypochondriac

Answer 5

spleen, left kidney, pancreas

Question 6

Name a few organs in the right lumbar

Answer 6

liver, ascending colon, gallbladder

Question 7

Name a few organs in the umbilical

Answer 7

umbilicus, small intestine, duodenum

Question 8

Name a few organs in the left lumbar

Answer 8

descending colon, left kidney

Question 9

Name a few organs in the right iliac

Answer 9

appendix, caecum

Question 10

Name a few organs in the hypogastric region

Answer 10

urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, female reproductive organs

Question 11

Name a few organs in the left iliac

Answer 11

descending colon, sigmoid colon

Question 12

What are the five bilaterally paired muscles in the anterolateral abdominal wall?

Answer 12

3 flat muscles: external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis
2 vertical muscles: rectus abdominis and pyramidalis

Question 13

What is the action and innervation of the external oblique muscle?

Answer 13

compresses and supports abdominal viscera, flex and rotate trunk.
innervate by thoraco-abdominal nerves (anterior rami of T7-T11)
subcostal nerve

Question 14

What is the action and innervation of the internal oblique muscle?

Answer 14

compresses and supports abdominal viscera, flex and rotate trunk.
innervate by thoraco-abdominal nerves (anterior rami of T7-T11)
subcostal nerve
first lumbar nerve

Question 15

What is the action and innervation of the transversus abdominis muscle?

Answer 15

compresses and supports abdominal viscera.
innervate by thoraco-abdominal nerves (anterior rami of T7-T11)
subcostal nerve
first lumbar nerve

Question 16

What is the action and innervation of the rectus abdominis muscle?

Answer 16

flexes trunk (lumbar vertebrae) compresses abdominal viscera, stabilises and controls tilt of pelvis(antilordosis)
innervate by thoraco-abdominal nerves (anterior rami of T7-T11) 
subcostal nerve

Question 17

What is the rectus sheath?

Answer 17

formed by the interlaced aponeurosis of the flat abdominal muscles enclosed in the rectus abdominis and the pyramidalis.

Question 18

What is the arcuate line?

Answer 18

demarcates the transition between the posterior rectus sheath covering the superior three quarters of the rectus abdominis proximally and the transversalis fascia covering the inferior quarter.

Question 19

What vertebral level is the umbilicus

Answer 19

L3-L4

Question 20

What dermatome supplies the level of the umbilicus

Answer 20

T10

Question 21

The inguinal ligament is attached to which two bony points of the hip bone

Answer 21

pubic tubercle and the anterior superior iliac spine

Question 22

4 distinct functional layers of the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 22

mucosa, submucosa, musculares propria and the serosa/ adventitia

Question 23

What are the three layers of the mucosa?

Answer 23

epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis propria

Question 24

What are the four basic mucosal types found in the GI tract?

Answer 24

1. Protective
2. secretory
3. absorptive
4. absorptive/ protective

Question 25

Describe the protective mucous membrane

Answer 25

stratified squamous epithelium found in the oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and anal canal

Question 26

Describe the secretory mucous membrane

Answer 26

closely packed straight glands with goblet cells found only in the stomach

Question 27

Describe the absorptive mucous membrane

Answer 27

vili with short glands typical of the entire small intestine

Question 28

Describe the absorptive/ protective mucous membrane

Answer 28

simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands - lines the whole of the large intestine

Question 29

What is the innervation of the abdominal muscles?

Answer 29

Ventral rami of T7-L1 | thoraco-abdominal nerves

Question 30

Formation of inguinal canal

Answer 30

An evagination of peritoneum called processus vaginalis develops along the path of gubernaculum

Question 31

Define gubernaculum

Answer 31

A fibrous cord or tissue pulls the testis / ovary down

Question 32

What is Cryptorchidism

Answer 32

Undescended testes

Question 33

What is the prevalence of cryptorchidism?

Answer 33

Occurs in 30% of premature males. Can be unilateral or bilateral

Question 34

What is the cause of cryptorchidism?

Answer 34

Deficiency of androgen production by the fetal testis

Question 35

What condition does cryptorchidism predispose.

Answer 35

Testicular cancer

Question 36

What are the contents of the inguinal canal?

Answer 36

spermatic cord in males and round ligament of the uterus in females. Also contains blood, lymphatic vessels and ilioinguinal nerve in both the sexes

Question 37

Anatomical location of the inguinal canal

Answer 37

Lies parallel and superior to the medial half of the inguinal ligament

Question 38

Features of the deep inguinal ring

Answer 38

Entrance to the inguinal canal. Part of transversalis fascia | Location – superior to the middle of inguinal ligament, lateral to inferior epigastric artery

Question 39

Features of the superficial inguinal ring

Answer 39

Exit of the canal. Present in the external oblique aponeurosis Location – Above and lateral to pubic tubercle

Question 40

Anterior wall of inguinal canal

Answer 40

External oblique aponeurosis

Question 41

Posterior wall of the inguinal canal

Answer 41

Trasversalis fascia & medial part by conjoint tendon (internal oblique + transversus abdominis)

Question 42

Roof of the inguinal canal

Answer 42

Laterally by transversalis fascia and centrally by internal oblique and transversus `abdominis muscles

Question 43

Floor of the inguinal canal

Answer 43

inguinal ligament

Question 44

What is a hernia?

Answer 44

A hernia is an abnormal protrusion of a viscus (organ) or part of a viscus through an opening in the cavity in which it is normally contained. About 75% of all herniae occur at the groin.

Question 45

What are the different types of hernia

Answer 45

``` Inguinal hernia – direct and indirect Femoral hernia Umbilical hernia Paraumbilical hernia Epigastric hernia Incisional hernia Hiatus hernia ```

Question 46

Indirect inguinal hernia

Answer 46

Indirect inguinal hernia is common in young individuals – congenital weakness

Question 47

Direct inguinal hernia

Answer 47

Direct inguinal hernia is more common in old people – Lax muscles