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BRS - Bioregulatory Systems Week 7 > GI Cancers > Flashcards

GI Cancers Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common cancers for men and women?

A

Women = Breast

Men = Prostate

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2
Q

What is cancer?

What is a primary cancer?

What is a secondary cancer / metastasis?

A

A disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body

Arising directly from the cells in an organ

Spread from another organ, directly or by other means (blood or lymph)

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in the GI tract?

Using that information, what are the different types of cancers of the GI tract?

A
  1. Eptihelial cells
  2. Neuroendocrine Cells
  3. Connective Tissue
  4. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), adenocarcinoma
  5. Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETs), Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GISTs)
  6. Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcomas
    Liposarcomas
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4
Q

Oesophageal anatomy:

What are the 3 parts to the oesophagus?

A

Cervical
Middle
Lower

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5
Q

What are the 2 most common types of oesophageal cancer?

A

1.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  • From normal oesophageal squamous epithelium
  • Upper 2/3
  • Acetaldehyde pathway
  • Less developed world

Related often to alcohol consumption as some molecules get oxidised

Less common in the UK

2.

Adenocarcinoma

  • From metaplastic columnar epithelium
  • Lower 1/3 of oesophagus
  • Related to acid reflux
  • More developed world

More common in westernised / more developed world

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6
Q

How does acid reflux progress to cancer?

A
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7
Q

What are the guidelines to look for Barrett’s?

A

If there is no dysplasia, go for regular check ups every 2-3 years

If there is low grad dysplasia, regular check ups every 6 months

If there is high grade dysplasia, intervention programmes / treatments are put in place

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8
Q

What is oesophageal cancer?

In which sex group is it found more commonly in?

A
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9
Q

Missed a slight

What are the survival rates of oesophageal cancer and why?

A

Symptoms = quite generalised, difficulty swallowing and unintended weight loss

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

What is the management pathway for GI cancers?

3 main steps:

A
  1. Diagnosis:
  2. Staging:

Laparoscopy - keyhole surgery, small incision, abdomen inflated with CO2, use a camera to look around

PET scan - cancers use up more glucose, so cancerous areas will take up a higher proportion of the radioactive glucose inserted into the patient

  1. Treatment plan:

Neo-adjuvant chemo, followed by radical surgery (curative intent)

Palliative care

Stent

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12
Q

How does an oesophagectomy work?

A

2-stage Ivor Lewis approach

When oesophagus is taken out, stomach is lifted and stretched up to replace the part removed

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What is colorectal cancer?

How common is it?

What is the lifetime risk?

A
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15
Q

What are the 3 forms of colorectal cancer?

A
  1. Sporadic - mutation slips through the checking process, therefore develop cancer without a fmily history of it, generally the older population and is an isolated lesion
  2. Familial -
  3. Hereditary syndrome - Polyps become cancerous
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16
Q

How do polyps develop in the colon and rectum, and how do those polyps develop into cancer?

A
17
Q

What are some risk fators for colorectal cancer?

A
18
Q

How does colorectal cancer present in clinic? (like 3 slides long)

A

Depends on the location of the cancer:

Tenesmus = feel the need to go to the loo

Local invasion of the pelvis = bladder issues,

19
Q

What are some examinations that an be performed to look for colorectal cancer?

A
20
Q

What are some investigations to pick up colorectal cancer? (another like 4 slides)

Why is CEA useful?

A

CEA = not a good diagnostic tool, but if someone is diagnosed to have cancer, cancer reduction / growth can be monitored by blood tests looking for CEA before and after treatment

21
Q

What are some imaging tests for colorectal cancer?

A
22
Q

What is the treatment plan generally for patients with colorectal cancer?

A

Surgery

23
Q

Which parts of the gut are taken out depending on the location of the cancer:

[next like 4 slides]

A
24
Q

What is pancreatic cancer?

What are the most common forms?

How does it present clinically?

What are the survival rates for pancreatic cancer?

A

Common, relatively lethal because it metastasises very quickly (e.g. metastasises to colorectal cancer)

Like oesophageal cancer - no specific symptoms indicating pancreatic cancer. Although, many physical signs?

25
Q
A
26
Q

What age group tend to get pancreatic cancer?

What are the incidence and mortality rates?

A
27
Q

What are the risk factors for developing pancreatic cancer?

A
28
Q

What are some inherited syndromes that increase lifetime risk for pancreatic cancer?

A
29
Q

How does pancreatic cancer develop over time? (pathogenesis)

A
30
Q

How does pancreatic cancer present clinically? [another 4 slides]

A

Depends on the location:

31
Q

How can pancreatic cancers be indicated clinically?

A
  1. Marker

2.

3.

32
Q

What are some investigations that can be performed to look for pancreatic cancer? [few slides]

A
33
Q

Which parts of the pancreas are taken out depending on where the pancreatic cancer is?

A
34
Q
A
35
Q

What is primary liver cancer?

What are the survival rates for this type of cancer?

What is the best treatment plan?

A
36
Q

What is gallbladder cancer?

What are the survival rates?

What is the best treatment plan?

How is gallbladder cancer detected?

A

Generally doesn’t cause symptoms until it is too late

37
Q
A
38
Q

Stop at secondary liver metastases

A

BRS - Bioregulatory Systems Week 7 (16 decks)

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