GI and Nutrition Flashcards
What is the difference btwn a probiotic and prebiotic? Give an example of a probiotic.
Probiotic = live micro-organism which can survive in digestive tract and confer health effect when consumed in adequate amounts (e.g. lactobacilli, bifidobacteria)
Prebiotic = nonviable food component that can confer a health benefit
What factors affect the development/composition of gut microflora? (5)
type of delivery infant diet (breastfed vs formula) environment gestational age antibiotics
How do probiotics work?
modify gut microflora by lowering colonic pH through production of short-chain fatty acids
What is the role of the gut microflora?
- contributes to gut’s barrier function (decreases gut permeability)
- modulates guts immune function
For what conditions is there definite evidence for benefit to using probiotics? What conditions might have evidence? No conclusive evidence?
Have evidence for probiotic use in:
- antibiotic-associated diarrhea
- acute infectious viral diarrhea
- preventing NEC
May be evidence for:
- colic
- IBS
- preventing relapse in pts with recurrent C diff infections
No conclusive evidence:
- atopic disease
- travellers diarrhea
- preventing food allergies
- treating allergic colitis
Define antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
> 3 loose stools/day for at least 2 days occurring up to 2 weeks after initiation of antibiotics
What effect do probiotics have in acute viral diarrhea?
-decreased duration of diarrhea (btw 17-30 hrs less) and there is greater benefit if initiated early (
In which premature babies could you consider probiotics?
-preterm babies>1kg at risk for NEC
True or false: Lower counts of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are found in children with atopic dermatitis compared with healthy controls.
True
True or false; We should recommend adding probiotics to infant feeds to prevent allergic disease or food hypersensitivity.
False. There is insufficient evidence to make this recommendation.
What are side effects of probiotics?
-can cause systemic or local infections in critically ill or immunocompromised patients
True or false: Effect of probiotics is strain and disease specific.
True
What are the benefits of breastfeeding for baby? (7)
Decreased incidence of:
- bacterial meningitis
- bacteremia
- AOM
- UTI
- resp infections
- decrease in SIDS
- enhanced performance on neurocognitive testing
For each month of exclusive breastfeeding this may reduce hospital admissions secondary to infection by 30%.
What are benefits of breastfeeding for mums? (4)
- decreased incidence of breast and ovarian cancer
- delay in return of ovulation
- greater postpartum weight loss
- economical
What does CPS recommend for breastfeeding?
Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life and continued breastfeeding with appropriate complementary foods for up to 2 yrs and beyond
What are the 10 steps to successful breastfeeding? (as per WHO and UNICEF)
- Have written BF policy routinely communicated to all staff.
- Train all staff in skills necessary to implement BF policy
- Inform all pregnant women about the benefits and management of breastfeeding
- Help mothers initiate BF within half an hour of birth
- Show mums how to BF and maintain lactation even when separated from their infants
- Give newborns no food or drink other than breastmilk, unless medically indicated
- Practice rooming-in, allow mums and babes to stay together 24 h a day
- Encourage BF on demand
- Give no artificial soothers to BF infants
- Foster the establishment of BF support groups and refer mothers to them at d/c from hospital or clinic
What does it take to be considered a Baby-Friendly institution?
follow each of the 10 steps of successful BF for at least 80% of all women and babies
Discuss some of the features of the international code of marketing breast-milk substitutes.
- no free samples/gifts to mums or HC workers
- no promotion of products in HC facilities
- no words or pictures idealizing artificial feeding
- all info on artificial feeding should be factual and explain the benefits of BF
- complementary foods are not to be marketed in ways that undermine exclusive and sustained BF
- financial assistance from the infant feeding industry may interfere with professionals’ unequivocal support for BF
How should we approach breastfeeding in NICU babies?
If not medically feasible to do rooming-in and BF then if not enough of mum’s own milk then use PHDM.
Discuss the timing of pacifier introduction in breastfed babies.
Prudent to delay intro of pacifiers until after BF is established.
What is kangaroo care and when should it be done?
skin-to-skin contact
within 30 mins of birth
What are the contraindications to breastfeeding? (4)
HIV-positive
cytotoxic chemo
radioactive isotopes/radiation therapy
classic galactosemia
Can you breastfeed if mum smokes, drinks or baby has PKU?
Smoking – BF may mitigate some of the negative effects of smoking on the health of baby so keep BF
Alcohol - limit this as freely passes into breastmilk
PKU – continue breastfeeding to supplement a low-phenylalanine formula along with strict monitoring of phenylalanine levels
What are phytoestrogens?
Plant-derived substances found in soy that have estrogenic activity. Are isoflavone class and are weak estrogens.
Present in large amounts in soy-formula. 94% in soy formula are biologically inactive. Are activated once ingested but only 3% in the plasma are biologically active.
Infants do not accumulate phytoestrogens in the plasma.
What medical condition is affected by phytoestrogens in soy formula and what is the mechanism?
Congenital hypothyroidism
Phytoestrogens can inhibit thyroid peroxidase which potentially lowers free thyroxine concentration which can lead to abnormal thyroid function. Need to monitor free T4 levels.
True or False: Animal and human models have shown consuming phytoestrogens alters sex organ development, brain maturation, immune system function and stimulate cancer development.
False. This is only true in animal models and cannot be directly extrapolated.
In what population should soy-based formulas be avoided?
premature babies
congenital hypothyroidism
What are the effects of soy formula on growth?
None. Supports normal growth and nutritional status in the first year of life.
What is the incidence of CMPA?
2.5%
In CMPA, when is it ok to use soy-based formula?
Soy formula is contraindicated in NON-IgE mediated CMPA. (due to high coincident soy allergies in these pts)
Is ok in IgE-mediated CMPA but ideally should recommend hydrolyzed formula b/c is difficult to clinically differentiate non-IgE from IgE-mediated CMPA.
What do the AAP and ESPGHAN say about soy formulas in kids
recommend extensively hydrolyzed protein (or amino acid-based formulas if hydrolyzed formulas not tolerated) for the treatment of infants with CMPA
What is the gold standard for diagnosing CMPA?
double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge
What is the ‘classic’ presentation of non-IgE mediated CMPA versus IgE-mediated?
non-IgE mediated - blood in stool, GI symptoms; Delayed (late) reactions manifest up to 48 hours or even 1 week following ingestion. Usually gastrointestinal or cutaneous.
IgE-mediated - urticaria, angioedema, resp and GI features; Immediate (early) reactions minutes up to 2 hours after allergen ingestion. Reactions can be mild to acute life-threatening anaphylaxis
What are the limitations of the 2004 CDC (american) growth charts?
these charts are growth references and not necessarily representative of what optimal growth should be
When did the WHO make new international growth charts and how did they make them? (birth to 5 yrs)
2006
sample of kids from 6 diff countries who did exclusive breastfeeding for 4-6 months and also had good recommended nutrition
Who should be plotted on the WHO birth to 5 yrs chart?
all full-term babies (whether or not are breastfed) and preschoolers
kids and teens (age 5-19 yrs) should be on the 2007 WHO reference for growth
Until what age do you do head circumference? recumbent length?
HC = 2 yrs
recumbent lengeth = 2-3 yrs
When do you stop plotting a kid corrected?
24-36 months
For what ages do we use BMI? If not using BMI what do we use?
BMI for kids >2yrs
For kids
Why is important to adopt the WHO Growth charts?
Gold standard for an individual child
important to be unified for population health surveillance
According to the WHO growth charts for kids 5-19 yrs what BMI is overweight and what BMI is obese?
overweight = BMI >85 %ile obese = BMI >97 %ile (UTD says >95 %ile)
Why is the BMI cut-off different for younger kids compared to kids >5 yrs?
due to growth and lack of data on functional significance of upper cut-offs and to avoid the risks of putting young kids on diets
What are the benefits of human breast-milk for preterm babies?
- fewer severe infections
- less NEC (medical and surgical)
- reduction in colonization with pathogenic organisms
- decreased length hospital stay
- improved neurodevelopment outcomes
When did the first human milk bank open in the world?
1909 in Austria
How many milk banks are there in Canada and where are they?
Only one in Vancouver
Who should get human donor breast milk?
preterm babies babies undergoing GI sx as newborn malabsorption feeding intolerance immunodeficiency
What are the barriers to a premature baby getting mum’s breastmilk?
- transportation to a hospital away from mum
- inadequate maternal milk supply due to illness or stress
What are exclusions to a mother donating breastmilk for PHDM?
- if not doing it for altruistic reasons
- any positive serology (Hep B, C, HIV, human T cell leukemia virus)
- if taking medications
- if they smoke or drink
- temporarily excluded while taking over the counter meds
How does a mother donate her milk?
- must be screened with an interview, medical approval and serology
- expresses one or multiple feeds a day, freezes it and transports it to the milk bank
What happens to the donated milk once it reaches the milk bank?
- batched from up to 4 mums
- thawed
- bacterial cx taken
- pasteurized (62.5 degrees C x 30 mins)
- recultured
- frozen
- milk that is culture positive is discarded