GI and GU medications Flashcards by Beth Abram

what are the uses of antiemetics?

N/V

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action of antiemetics

blocks the hyperactive response to chemoreceptor trigger zone

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3 side effects of antiemetics

drowsiness
dry mouth
constipation

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when your pateint is taking antiemetics it is important to…..

monitor intake and output
think about safety (is regard to SE)!!!

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examples of antiemetics

dramamine
phenergan
zofran

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why should you avoid giving Phenergan IV?

it can cause necrosis of tissue

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important things to know about phenergan

very strong
can cause over sedation

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what forms should phenergan be given in?

IM, PO, suppository

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what should you monitor in an elderly patient taking Phenergan?

metabolic activity - ability to excrete the med

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zofran

not as strong as phenergan, works quickly with low side effect profile

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action of antidiarrheals

decrease hypermotility

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uses of antidiarrheals

diarrhea related to GI illness, bacteria, diet, or drugs

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2 side effects of antidiarrheals

drowsiness
dizziness

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nursing considerations for antidiarrheals

they can cause constipation - monitor intake and output

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examples of antidiarrheals

Lomotil
Immodium
pepto-bismol
koalin and pectin

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why does limotil require a prescription

because it contains some opioid and atropine

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why is it significant that Lomotil contains atropine

atropine - increases HR and increase IOP
monitor HR!!!

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what is it significant that lomotil contains opioid?

monitor RR for respiratory depression

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Lomotil contraindications

glaucoma

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what should the nurse monitor when a patient is taking Lomotil?

HR, RR, sedation

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immodium does not….

penetrate the CNS

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immodium can cause what three side effects?

nausea, fatigue, drowsiness

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what should you teach the patient about pepto bismol?

can cause the patient’s tongue and stool to turn black

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how do koalin and pectin work?

decrease secretions that agitate intestines and calm inflammation of intestines (anti-secretory and anti-inflammatory)

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when your patient is taking a laxative what should you monitor?

presence of diarrhea and dehydration/electrolyte imbalances

what do laxatives treat?

constipation

what are some causes of constipation?

decreased fluid intake, decreased physical activity, narcotics, anticholinergics

what are the 4 types of laxatives?

osmotic stimulant bulk forming emollients

how do osmotic laxatives work

has extra solutes, pulls water into GI tract

osmotic laxatives are _____

hyperosmolar

a patient taking an osmotic laxative needs to increase _____, ______, and ______

increase fluids, fiber, and exercise

how to stimulant laxatives work?

they irritate the lining of the intestines

how do bulk forming laxatives work?

add fiber to stool to bulk it up - makes it easier to pass

what is important education regarding bulk forming laxatives?

the patient MUST DRINK FLUIDS - or it can cause an obstruction

how do emollients work?

stool softeners, bring water into stool to soften it

what is an example of an Emollient?

Collace

what is the action of antacids?

neutralize HCL acid and reduce pepsin activity

antacids make the stomach more ____

alkaline

what are the 3 uses of antacids?

ulcer disease, reflux, heart burn

what is the prophylactic use of antacids?

stomach ulcers in hospital patients

2 side effects of antacids

anorexia constipation

when are antacids usually taken?

1-3 hours after a meal or before bed

what should be avoided when taking antacids?

avoid spicy foods

what kind of antacids should NOT be used with impaired renal function?

magnesium containing

examples of antacids

TUMS maalox mylanta

antacids with calcium can cause _____, antacids with magnesium can cause ______

calcium = constipation magnesium = diarrhea

what antacids contain magnesium?

maalox, mylanta

what antacids contain calcium?

TUMS

what should the nurse monitor with antacids?

bowel movements/patterns

location of stomach ulcers are determined by ____

symptoms

gastric ulcers

cause pain right after eating

duodenal ulcers

cause pain between meals or 2-3 hours after meals

what is peptic ulcer disease?

inflammatory erosion of stomach lining

6 risks of peptic ulcer disease

H. pylori NSAID use stress alcohol smoking caffeine

what is GERD

decreased muscular ton of lower esophogeal sphincter, regurgitation of stomach contents irritate esophagus

4 risks of GERD

obesity pregnancy hiatal hernia gastroparesis

what does GERD cause?

epigastric pain heartburn bitter taste dry cough

what should you take for current reflux?

an antacid

how do H2 blockers work?

block histamine to decrease acid production

when should H2 blockers be taken?

during the day or at bedtime

ending of H2 blockers

dine

4 side effects of H2 blockers (specifically tagamet)

liver/kidney agitation gynecomastia confusion

H2 blockers are ______, while proton pump inhibitors are ______

older newer

between H2 blockers and PPIs, which one is prescribed more now?

PPIs

4 side effects of both H2 blockers and Proton Pump inhibitors

head ache diarrhea dizziness constipation

how do PPIs work?

block acid production in parietal cells

why is osteoporosis a risk of long term PPI use?

PPIs disturb calcium absorption

when do PPIs have to be taken

before meals!!!

ending of PPIs

zole

what do pepsin inhibitors do?

create a viscous substance that covers the ulcer to protect it from HCL acid

pepsin inhibitors are ______

mucosal protectives

why are pepsin inhibitors used?

to protect ulcer from acid/pepsid

why do pepsin inhibitors HAVE TO BE GIVEN ON AN EMPTY STOMACH?

to allow to ulcer to be coated before eating

pepsin inhibitors can cause _____

constipation

important teaching regarding pepsin inhibitors?

allow 1-2 hours between pepsin inhibitors and other meds

example of pepsin inhibitor?

Sucralfate (Carafate)

are men or women more at risk for UTIs and why?

women; they have shorter urethras

what is the name for a lower UTI?

cystitis or urethritis

what is the name for an upper UTI?

pylenephritis

common bacteria that cause UTIs

E. coli proteus staph candida

5 risks for UTIs

female tight clothes sex bath products catheters

signs/symptoms of UTIs

dysuria bursning urgency frequency with small amounts cloudy urine hematuria

what are examples of urinary antiinfectives/antiseptics

Macrobid, Monurol Methanamine

antibiotics specifically for urinary tract?

macrobid and monurol

how can macrobid and monurol be used?

to suppress bacteria growth with chronic UTIs

side effects of macrobid and monurol

GI - N/V, diarrhea

macrobid and monurol can turn the urine _____

brown

macrobid and monurol should be taken with ___

food

what does methanamine do?

helps acidify urine

what does the pH of urine have to be for mathenamine to work?

5.5

what should be taken with methenamine?

water and cranberry

what should be avoided with methenamine?

citrus and antacids

medication cannot be taken with methenamine or it will cause urine crystals?

Bactrim

what is the drug class of Bactrim

sulfonamides

what does bactrim treat?

UTIs

when should a patient not take Bactrim?

in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy

4 side effects of Bactrim?

GI upset urine crystals photosensitivity rash

how can urine crystals be prevented when taking bactrim?

drink lots of fluids!!!

what type of bacteria does bactrim kill?

gram + and gram -

what is the drug class of ciprofloxacin?

flouroquinolones

what can ciprofloxacin be used for?

UTIs

what cannot be taken with ciproflaxacin?

dairy antacids iron

should you take ciprofloxacin if you are pregnant?

what is a possible side effect in older adults taking ciprofloxacin?

tendonitis

5 side effects of ciprofloxacin?

GI photosensitivity dizziness fatigue neuropathy

what should the nurse check when administering ciprofloxacin?

renal function

what is pyridium?

a urinary analgesic

what does Pyridium do?

acts on bladder with analgesic effect, does not treat the actual infection

is pyridium OTC or prescription?

OTC

2 side effects of pyridium

head ache GI upset

education regarding pyridium

red-orange urine is normal when taking, it can stain

pyridium contraindications

renal dysfunction