Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 2a > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by the term inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Umbrella term:

  • Crohn’s disease
  • Ulcerative colitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Crohn’s disease?

A

Transmural, granulomatous inflammation affecting any part of the gut (mouth to anus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the macroscopic and microscopic features of Crohn’s disease

A

Macroscopic:
- Skip lesions (‘cobblestone’ appearance)

Microscopic:

  • Transmural
  • Granulomas
  • Goblet cells present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of Crohn’s disease?

A

Symptoms:

  • Diarrhoea
  • RLQ abdominal pain
  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue

Signs:

  • Mouth ulcers
  • Anaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the investigation of Crohn’s disease

A

Bloods:

  • FBC may show anaemia
  • ESR/CRP raised

Stool sample to rule out infection

Colonoscopy and biopsy = DIAGNOSTIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the pharmacological management of Crohn’s disease

A
  • Oral corticosteroid, e.g. prednisolone
  • IV hydrocortisone in severe flare-ups
  • Add anti-TNF antibodies (e.g. Infliximab) or DMARD (e.g. sulfasalazine, methotrexate) in severe disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is ulcerative colitis?

A

Inflammatory condition affecting the colon mucosa ONLY!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the macroscopic and microscopic features of ulcerative colitis

A

Macroscopic:

  • Continuous lesion (no skip lesions)
  • Ulcers

Microscopic:

  • Mucosa ONLY
  • No granulomas
  • Goblet cell depletion
  • Crypt abscesses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the symptoms and signs of ulcerative colitis

A

Symptoms:

  • Diarrhoea WITH BLOOD/MUCUS
  • LLQ abdominal pain

Signs:

  • Fever
  • Erythema nodusum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the investigation of ulcerative colitis

A

Bloods:

  • ESR/CRP raised
  • Autoantibody screen for pANCA (perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies)

Stool sample to rule out infection

Colonoscopy and biopsy = DIAGNOSTIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the pharmacological management of ulcerative colitis

A
  • DMARD, e.g. Sulfasalazine

- Add oral prednisolone if necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the interventional management of ulcerative colitis

A

Colectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is irritable bowel syndrome?

A

A group of abdominal symptoms for which no organic cause can be found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome

A
  • Abdominal pain relieved by defecating
  • Bloating
  • Alternating bowel habits (constipation, diarrhoea)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the investigation of irritable bowel syndrome

A

Diagnosis is made after ruling out differentials (i.e. Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, Coeliac disease etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the pharmacological management of irritable bowel syndrome

A
  • For pain/bloating: anti-spasmodic, e.g. buscopan
  • For diarrhoea: anti-motility agent, e.g. loperamide
  • For constipation: laxative, e.g. senna
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is GORD? Describe its pathophysiology

A

GORD = gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

Reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus due to relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter independently of swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the risk factors for GORD?

A
  • Male
  • Increased abdominal pressure, e.g.obesity, pregnancy
  • Smoking
  • Hiatus hernia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the main symptom of GORD?

A

Heartburn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the pharmacological management of GORD

A
  • Anatacids, e.g. gaviscon
  • H2 blockers, e.g. ranitidine
  • PPIs, e.g. lansoprazole
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do PPIs work?

A

PPIs inhibit release of hydrogen ions into the stomach, so inhibit production of gastric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a peptic ulcer?

A

A break in the epithelial lining penetrating down to the mucosa (in the stomach/first part of the duodenum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the causes of peptic ulcers?

A

Helicobacter pylori infection

NSAID use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the investigation of helicobacter pylori infection

A
  • Urea breath test
  • Stool antigen test
  • Serology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the pharmacological management of helicobacter pylori infection

A
  • PPI, e.g. lansoprazole

- 2 Abx (clarithromycin and metronidazole)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do NSAIDs cause peptic ulcers?

A

NSAIDs inhibit cylooxygenase 1, which inhibits the production of prostaglandins which are needed for mucus production (this leads to mucosal damage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Coeliac disease?

A

Gluten intolerance

28
Q

Describe the investigation of Coeliac disease

A

Bloods:
Autoantibody screen for IgA tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibody and IgA anti-endomysial antibody (anti-EMA) - MUST HAVE GLUTEN IN DIET WHEN TESTING FOR ANTIBODIES

Duodenal biopsy is diagnostic

29
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of Coeliac disease?

A

Symptoms:

  • Diarrhoea
  • Abdominal pain/bloating
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss

Signs:

  • Anaemia
  • Dermatitis herpetiformis
30
Q

Describe the conservative management of Coeliac disease

A

Remove gluten from diet

31
Q

What are the 3 major symptoms/signs of malabsorption?

A

Weight loss, steatorrhoea and anameia

32
Q

What is appendicitis?

A

Inflammation of the appendix

33
Q

Describe the symptoms an signs of appendicitis

A

Symptoms:

  • Acute pain starting around umbilicus migrating to RIF
  • Nausea, vomiting
  • Fever

Signs:
- Abdominal guarding

34
Q

Describe the interventional management of appendicitis

A

Apendicectomy

35
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum due to entry of blood, air, bacteria or GI contents (either faeces or bile)

36
Q

What are the symptoms of peritonitis?

A

Symptoms:

  • Dull pain that becomes sharp
  • Pain worse on coughing/moving

Signs:
- Abdominal guarding

37
Q

What are the causes of peritonitis?

A

AEIOU and P

A - appendicitis/ascites
E - ectopic pregnancy
I - infection with TB
O - obstruction
U - ulcer
and
P - peritoneal dialysis
38
Q

Describe the investigation of peritonitis

A
  • Ascitic tap: high neutrophil count

- AXR: dilated bowel, gas under diaphragm

39
Q

Describe the pharmacological management of peritonitis

A

IV Cefotaxime and Metronidazole

40
Q

What is ischaemic colitis?

A

Reduced blood supply to the colon

41
Q

What is mesenteric ischaemia?

A

Reduced blood supply to the small bowel

42
Q

What is the main cause of ischaemic colitis/mesenteric ischaemia?

A

Atherosclerosis

43
Q

Describe the management of ischaemic colitis/mesenteric ischaemia

A

Conservative:
- Modification of risk factors (atherosclerosis)

Interventional:

  • Resection of ischaemic/dead bowel
  • Stenting
  • Mesenteric artery bypass graft
44
Q

What is a Mallory-Weiss syndrome?

A

Bleeding and other symptoms caused by a tear in the mucous membrane of part of the upper GI tract (oesophagus,stomach and first part of the duodenum)

45
Q

Give the 2 most common sites for a Mallory-Weiss tear

A
  • Gastro-oesophageal junction

- Upper part of the stomach

46
Q

What causes Mallory-Weiss tear(s)?

A

Persistent retching/vomiting

47
Q

What are the symptoms of Mallory-Weiss syndrome?

A
  • Bringing up blood after retching/vomiting
  • Epigastric abdominal pain
  • Black, tarry stools
48
Q

Describe the investigation of Mallory-Weiss syndrome

A

Gastroscopy

49
Q

Describe the management of a Mallory-Weiss tear

A

Usually the tear heals by itself

PPIs may be given to help the tear heal

50
Q

What is a hernia?

Give some examples of types of hernia

A

Protrusion of an organ or tissue outside of the cavity in which it normally lies

Inguinal hernia
Hiatus hernia
Umbilical hernia
Incisional hernia

51
Q

What causes a hernia?

A
  • Muscle weakness (trauma, age)

- Abdominal strain (pregnancy, chronic cough, constipation)

52
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

Protrusion of abdominal cavity contents through the inguinal canal

53
Q

What is a hiatus hernia?

A

Protrusion of part of the stomach though the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

54
Q

What is gastritis?

A

Inflammation of the lining of the stomach

55
Q

What causes gastritis?

A
  • Helicobacter pylori infection

- NSAID use

56
Q

What is diverticulitis?

A
  • Diverticula are outpouchings which develop in the lining of the intestine as we age
  • Inflammation of these diverticula = diverticulitis
57
Q

Describe the investigation of diverticulitis

A

Colonoscopy

58
Q

Describe the management of diverticulitis

A

Conservative:
- High fibre diet

Pharmacological:
- Paracetamol

59
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

Destruction of pancreas by pancreatic enzymes

60
Q

What are the main causes of pancreatitis?

A

Gallstones
Alcohol
Steroids
Trauma, e.g. ERCP

61
Q

Describe the symptoms and signs of pancreatitis

A

Symptoms:
- Epigastric pain radiating to back (relieved by sitting forward)

Signs:
- Cullen’s/Grey Turner’s sign (bruising around umbilicus/flanks)

62
Q

Describe the investigation of pancreatitis

A

Bloods:

- High amylase/lipase

63
Q

Describe the management of pancreatitis

A

Supportive - e.g. IV fluids

Analgesia

64
Q

What are the causes of intestinal obstruction?

A
  • Tumour
  • Adhesions
  • Volvulus
  • Crohn’s
  • Diverticulitis
65
Q

On abdominal examination, tympanic bowel sounds suggest what?

A

Air/gas

Phase 2a (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions