GI Flashcards
important function large intestine
absorption of water and electrolytes
liver function
- remove bacteria , toxins
- manufacture, store, transfrom, and excrete a lot of substances involved in metabolism
biliary tract
bilirubin is from HGB breakdown
pancreas
- insulin (endocrine)
- amylase, lipase (exocrine), for fat metabolism
peds GI
Increased risk of dehydration due to: greater percentage body weight is water, greater body surface area and increased fluid intake relative to size, infant kidneys less able to concentrate urine
-Gastric acid concentration is low until school age
-Faster basal metabolic rates
-Decreased ability to digest fats first 4 -5 months
-Immature liver function – reduces vitamin/mineral uptake
Loss of fluid->elevated temp sooner than an adult
-Lower acid concentration in stomach alters medication absorption and ability to kill GI pathogens.
-Children need more nutrients-proteins, minerals, vitamins, calories to support higher basal metabolic rate but the immature liver function – reduces vitamin/mineral uptake
- decreased ability to absorb fats.
geri GI
- Dry mouth due to decreased saliva production and effects of many of their meds and gingival atrophy
- Decreased gastric motility->delayed emptying
- Decrease in HCl acid->food intolerances, malabsorption, B12 absorption
- Decreased colonic transit time->constipation
- Decreased absorption of nutrients such as dextrose, fats, calcium, and iron
- Dehydration, diuretics-> Lasix
- Older adults may be at risk for decreased food intake due to transportation issues, economic constraints, immobility……
checking rebound tenderness
You first gently palpate over the painful site, pushing in slowly and firmly then quickly withdraw—pain on withdrawal may indicate peritoneal inflammation
blood-amylase
Amylase-dx of pancreatitis peaks early 24 hr then down to normal 48-72hr
lipase
Lipase-Dx of pancreatitis but it stays elevated longer,
CEA
- carcinoembryonic antigen (test)
- cancer marker, protein found or increased in level in certain cancers
- cancer of the large intestine (colon and rectal cancer). It may also be present in people with cancer of the pancreas, breast, ovary, or lung.
stool test
-Occult blood, ova and parasites, -fecal fat: increased fat is found in the stools of patients with Crohn’s disease, malabsorption, cystic fibrosis, and pancreatic disease.
basal secretion test
measures HCL and pepsin
gastric acid stimulation test
-similar to basal secretion test except a drug is given to stimulate secretions and additional specimens are taken at intervals
Upper GI radiologic study
- X-ray allowing examination of esophagus after swallowing barium. The series follows barium through the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine and used to diagnose esophageal strictures, varices, polyps, tumors, hiatal hernia, foreign bodies, and peptic ulcers
- NPO, contrast
Lower GI radiologic study
Similar to upper GI but uses barium enema to identify polyps, tumors and other lesions of the colon. Requires client to retain barium so may not be diagnostic procedure of choice for older adult.
-bowel prep, empty area- complete
abdominal ultrasound
diagnostic procedure for cholelithasis. Can be used for diagnosis of appy, acute cholecystitis and other changes in abdominal organs
- no prep
endoscopy and EGD (esophagastroduodenoscopy)
direct visualization through lighted fiberoptic instrument of esophagus, stomach, duodenum, colon. With the aid of fluoroscopy and X-rays can also visualize the pancreas and biliary tree.
virtual colonoscopy
combines CT or MRI with sophisticated computer software program to produce images of the colon and rectum. Less invasive than normal colonoscopy. Good for assessing polyps larger than 1 cm but cannot obtain a biopsy.
-is done with a CT or MRI. Air is introduced into the colon to better visualize structures. 2D and 3D views are obtained to visualize the colon.
liver biopsy
Dg fibrosis, cirrhosis, and neoplasms (hepatic tissue)
