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GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for difficulty swallowing?

A

Dysphagia

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2
Q

Birds beak esophagus on barium swallow should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Achalasia

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3
Q

What is the most common location for an anal fissure?

A

Posterior midline

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4
Q

Crohn’s is found where in the GI tract?

A

Esophagus to anus

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5
Q

What does HBsAG indicate?

A

Active Hep B infection

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6
Q

How do you treat Achalasia?

A

Loosen up the muscle, botox, dilation, or surgery

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7
Q

A corkscrew appearance on barium study should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Esophageal spasms

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8
Q

Epigastric abdominal pain which radiates to the back should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Pancreatitis

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9
Q

In order to contract Hep D what must you already have?

A

Hep B

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10
Q

LLQ pain and tenderness should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Diverticulitis

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11
Q

What ist he treatment for Mallory-Weiss tears?

A

Watching and waiting, these will typically resolve in 48 hours

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12
Q

Thumbprint sign on abdominal film should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Intestinal ischemia

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13
Q

What will the bowel sounds be early on in a small bowel obstruction? Later on?

A

Early they are HYPERactive, late they are HYPOactive

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14
Q

A patient has had GERD for years. Over the past year he has noticed an increase in difficulty swallowing his food. This should make you think of which diagnosis?

A

Esophageal strictures

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15
Q

What are two treatments you should consider for esophageal strictures?

A

Dilation of the esophagus and long term PPIs

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16
Q

What are two common predisposing factors for esophageal varices?

A

Portal HTN and cirrhosis often caused by alcoholism

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17
Q

What is a common symptom that goes along with chest pain for GERD patients?

A

Dry cough

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18
Q

What medication is most commonly used for long term treatment of GERD?

A

PPIs - omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole

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19
Q

What is the imaging modality of choice for pancreatitis?

A

CT

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20
Q

What is the best test to check for H. pylori?

A

Urea breath test

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21
Q

Is PUD more common in the duodenum or stomach?

A

Duodenum

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22
Q

What is the most common location for a pancreatic tumor?

A

75% occur in the head of the pancreas

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23
Q

With a gastric ulcer are the patients symptoms exacerbated or relieved with food?

A

Exacerbated

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24
Q

Fasting gastrin will be above what level with gastronome?

A

150pg/mL

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25
Q

Projectile vomiting should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Pyloric stenosis

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26
Q

Most gallstones are made of what substance?

A

Cholesterol

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27
Q

What is the name of the sign when a patient shows inhibited respiration with pressure over the RUQ? What diagnosis does it suggest?

A

Murphy’s sign, cholecystitis

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28
Q

What is the most specific test for acute cholecystitis?

A

HIDA

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29
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosis and treatment of bile duct stones?

A

ERCP

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30
Q

What is Charcot’s triad?

A

RUQ pain, fever, jaundice

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31
Q

What is Reynold’s pentad and what does it mean?

A

Charcot’s triad + hypotension + altered mental status. It indicates high risk of sepsis.

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32
Q

What is the main risk factor for esophagitis?

A

Immunocompromised patient

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33
Q

An endoscopy for presumed esophagitis shows multiple shallow ulcers. What diagnosis should you be thinking of?

A

Herpes simplex virus

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34
Q

List two common offending agents for pill induced esophagitis?

A

NSAIDs, KCL, iron, antibiotics

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35
Q

A thirty year old African American woman presents with dysphagia. You notice she also has thickened skin. A barium swallow demonstrates the absence of peristalsis. What diagnosis should you be thinking of?

A

Scleroderma

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36
Q

What is the most common cause of PUD?

A

H. pylori (FYI this is Michelle’s favorite bacteria everyone get her an H. pylori for her bday)

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37
Q

What is the most specific diagnostic test for PUD?

A

Endoscopy

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38
Q

What is the only curative therapy for gastric adenocarcinoma?

A

Surgical resection

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39
Q

A patient presents complaining of right upper quadrant pain 20 min after meals. What diagnosis should you be thinking of?

A

Cholecystitis

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40
Q

What does ERCP stand for?

A

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography…. Say that 20 times fast

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41
Q

What is the most common cause of acute bacterial cholangitis?

A

Choledocholithiasis

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42
Q

Onion ring fibrosis from a bile duct biopsy should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

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43
Q

What 2 viral hepatitis infections are self limiting?

A

A and E

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44
Q

Pica is often related to what type of anemia?

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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45
Q

What does Anti-HBc indicate?

A

Previous or on-going hepatitis B infection

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46
Q

What does Anti-HBs indicate?

A

Recovery from infection or immunization to Hep B

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47
Q

What is the recommended treatment for Hep C infections?

A

Pegylated interferon alpha-2a

48
Q

What medication used in hep b infections helps prevent the need for liver transplant?

A

Lamivudine

49
Q

There are vaccines for which two versions of hepatitis?

A

Hep A and Hep B

50
Q

Will a patient with achalasia have dysphagia to liquids, solids, or both?

51
Q

If you have heartburn that does not improve with medication what diagnosis should you be thinking about?

A

Gastrinoma

52
Q

What are the two main complications of cirrhosis?

A

Portal HTN and liver insufficiency

53
Q

What is a good beta blocker to reduce portal HTN?

A

Propranolol

54
Q

What tumor marker may be used for liver cancer?

A

Alpha-Fetoprotein

55
Q

What are the two most common causes of pancreatitis?

A

Cholelethiasis and ETOH

56
Q

Describe cullens sign

A

Umbilical ecchymosis often related to pancreatitis

57
Q

What are the 5 points of Ranson’s criteria on admission?

A

Older than 55, WBC greater than 16, glucose greater than 200, LDH greater than 350, AST greater than 150

58
Q

What is the first step in treating GERD?

A

Lifestyle modification

59
Q

Steatorrhea should make you think of what GI related diagnosis?

A

Pancreatitis

60
Q

Describe Courvoisier’s sign

A

Nontender, palpable gall bladder which may indicate pancreatic neoplasm

61
Q

What tumor marker can be used to follow pancreatic cancer?

62
Q

Patient complains of periumbilical pain which has now

moved over McBurney’s point. What diagnosis should you be thinking of?

A

Appendicitis

63
Q

Patient is supine and attempts to raise their right leg against resistance.. What test is this?

A

Psoas sign

64
Q

What is the term for painful swallowing?

A

Odynophagia

65
Q

The patient is supine and attempts to flex and internally rotate the hip

A

Obturator sign

66
Q

What is the best imaging study for acute appendicitis?

67
Q

What disease is defined as an immunologic response to gluten?

A

Celiac disease

68
Q

What two blood tests can be used to diagnose celiac’s disease?

A

IgA endomysial antibody and Ig tTG antibody

69
Q

How is celiac disease commonly diagnosed?

A

Endoscopic biopsy

70
Q

How much fiber should you get in a day?

71
Q

What is the treatment for asymptomatic diverticulosis?

72
Q

Is surgery curative for Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis?

A

Ulcerative colitis

73
Q

What causes Mallory-Weiss tears?

A

Forced vomiting or retching

74
Q

A colonoscopy that shows cobblestone or skip lesions should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Crohn’s disease

75
Q

What class of medication is first line to treat inflammatory bowel disease in the maintenance phase?

A

5-ASA products: Sulfasalazine, mesalamine

76
Q

Currant jelly stool should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Intussusception

77
Q

Severe abdominal pain 30 min after a meal should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Intestinal ischemia

78
Q

What is the most common vessel blocked with intestinal ischemia?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

79
Q

What is the most common cause of lower GI bleeds?

A

Diverticulosis

80
Q

What ist he most common location of colorectal cancer?

A

Cecum about 38%

81
Q

Colorectal cancer patients are almost all older than what age?

A

90% are over 50

82
Q

An epigastric olive shaped mass should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Pyloric stenosis

83
Q

An elevated serum amylase and lipase should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Pancreatitis

84
Q

Under routine circumstances when should patients begin getting screening colonoscopies?

85
Q

What is the #1 cause of small bowel obstructions?

A

Postoperative adhesions

86
Q

Air fluid levels on an abdominal x-ray should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Bowel obstruction

87
Q

Which is more likely to pass into the scrotum, a direct or indirect hernia?

88
Q

A string sign on barium swallow should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Pyloric stenosis

89
Q

What is the first line treatment of an anal fissure?

A

Fluid and fiber

90
Q

What are two things that an anal fissure off midline might suggest?

A

Crohn’s, syphilis, HIV, neoplasm

91
Q

What medical treatment is given for gastronome?

92
Q

What is the term for an abscess in the sacrococcygeal cleft?

A

Pilonidal disease

93
Q

How do you treat H. pylori infections?

A

PPI + 2 Abx, commonly omeprazole and clarithormycin and amoxicillin or PPI + metronidazole + tetracycline

94
Q

Painless bright red blood per rectum should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Hemorrhoids

95
Q

Which are painful, hemorrhoids above or below the dentate line?

A

Below, internal hemorrhoids are NOT pianful

96
Q

A patient on sulfasalazine for an inflammatory bowel disease should be supplemented with which vitamin?

97
Q

What is the most common anorectal problem affecting patients over 50?

A

Hemorrhoids

98
Q

A gastrinoma is also known as what syndrome?

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

99
Q

Salivary amylase breaks down which macronutrient?

A

Carbohydrates

100
Q

What ist he medical term for feeling like there is a lump in your throat?

101
Q

Describe Grey-Turners sign.

A

Flank ecchymosis often related to pancreatitis

102
Q

What are the first three steps of managing pancreatitis?

A

NPO, pain control, fluids

103
Q

A patient presents with unproductive retching, acute localized epigastric distention and inability to pass an NG tube. What diagnosis should you be thinking of?

A

Gastric volvulus

104
Q

What ist he most common cause of a folate deficiency?

A

Alcoholism

105
Q

Should diverticulitis always be admitted?

A

No, mild cases can be treated as outpatients with rest and clear fluids

106
Q

Which NSAID has the highest rate of peptic ulceration?

107
Q

What is the diagnostic test of choice for Zenker’s diverticulum?

A

Barium swallow

108
Q

What is the leading cause of iron deficiency anemia?

A

Chronic GI bleed

109
Q

At what age and how often should fecal occult blood test s be performed as a screening tool?

A

Beginning at age 50 and done every year thereafter

110
Q

How often should patients with pernicious anemia have a screening endoscopy performed?

A

Every 5 years to look for signs of gastric carcinoma

111
Q

Are one half of adult hernias direct or indirect inguinal hernias?

A

Indirect make up 50% of all adult hernias

112
Q

Define pellagra?

A

Niacin (B3) deficiency

113
Q

An endoscopy for presumed esophagitis shows several solitary deep ulcers. What diagnosis should you bet thinking of?

A

Cytomegalovirus

114
Q

An abdominal exam with pain out of proportion to the exam should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Intestinal ischemia

115
Q

Does adenocarcinoma arise from the proximal or distal esophagus?

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