Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 Histology > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

Why do stem cells stain darker?

A

Bigger and more active nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the muscle of the oesophagus

A

Top 1/3 is voluntary muscle in fascicles
Middle 1/3 is mixed
Distal 1/3 is involuntary smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where are mucous glands found?

A

Submucosa= submucosal glands

Lamina propria= superficial glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the cells found in the lamina propria

A

Fibroblasts, lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is found in the sub mucosa?

A

Blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

Epithelium + lamina propria+ muscularis mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Epithelial metaplasia of the oesophagus
Injury to the mucosa from GORD leads to a change from non keratinised strat squamous epithelia to glandular simple columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Epithelial metaplasia of the oesophagus
Injury to the mucosa from GORD leads to a change from non keratinised strat squamous epithelia to glandular simple columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 4 areas of the stomach called?

A

Cardia, fundus, body and pylorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What cell types are found in stomach glands?

A 
Epithelial cells, parietal cells (HCl and intrinsic factor)
chief cells (pepsinogen and gastric lipase)
enteroendocrine cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you identify parietal cells and chief cells?

A

Parietal- lumpy, paler cells

Chief- look columnar like epithelium but dark with granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you identify parietal cells and chief cells?

A

Parietal- lumpy, paler cells

Chief- look columnar like epithelium but dark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What factors can lead to ulcer formation?

A

Increased acidity
decreased mucous
diet
decreased prostglandins (due to NSAIDs?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What factors can lead to ulcer formation?

A

Increased acidity
decreased mucous
diet
decreased prostaglandins (due to NSAIDs?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the villi of the small intestine

A

Duodenum- leaf like villi
Jejunum- fine tall villi
Ileum- finger like villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 features of the small intestine to increase absorption

A

Villil microvilli, circular folds (plicae circulares)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the intestinal crypts also called?

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Function of paneth cells?

A

Contain antimicrobial granules (of defensins) and contribute to host-defence and the maintenance of the GI barrier. Found at base of crypts. Stain darkly eosinophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name the cells of the epithelium of the small intestine

A

Goblet cells, enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells and paneth cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a Peyer’s patch?

A

Aggregation of lymphoid tissue, found in ileum and appendix (nodules of lymphoid follicles)
Lymphoid aggregates and the darker stained B cell aggregates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does the pyloric region of the stomach differ from the fundic region of the stomach?

A 
Fundus- long narrow glands
Pylorus- deeper pits, shorter more branched glands, fewer parietal cells, mainly mucous secreting cells
G cells (gastrin) and serotonin and somatostatin secreting cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are G-cells? + function

A

G-cells are enteroendocrine cells of the pyloric region of the stomach
Gastrin secreting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are Brunner’s glands?

A

Submucosal glands of the proximal duodenum, secrete alkaline mucus to counteract acidity of chyme and lubricate walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a Peyer’s patch?

A

Aggregation of lymphoid tissue, found in ileum and appendix

Lymphoid aggregates and the darker stained B cell aggregates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does the pyloric region of the stomach differ from the fundic region of the stomach?

A

Fundus- long narrow glands

Pylorus- deeper pits, shorter more branched glands, fewer parietal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are G-cells? + function

A

G-cells are enteroendocrine cells of the pyloric region of the stomach
Gastrin secreting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Difference between colon and rectum?

A

Rectum’s crypts are much longer and are almost entirely formed of goblet cells

28
Q

Why is less mucus produced in the colon?

A

Less acid so less damage, don’t need mucus protection

Function of colon is mainly water absorption

29
Q

Difference between Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis ulcers?

A

Croh’s- transmural

UC- only mucosal

30
Q

What is the appendix?

A

Blind ended diverticulum extending from caecum

31
Q

Difference between colon and rectum?

A

Rectum’s crypts are much longer and are almost entirely formed of goblet cells

32
Q

What do myoepithelial cells do in glands?

A

Surround the gland and squeeze it to aid in secretion

33
Q

Why are liver lobules split into zones?

A

Based on distance from portal triad

Zone 3 is furthest from blood supply and closest to central vein so more susceptible to hypoxia

34
Q

What salivary gland is both mucous and serous secreting?

A

Submandibular

35
Q

What are the main functions of zone 1 hepatocytes?

A

Gluconeogenesis, B-oxidation of fatty acids, bile acid secretion

36
Q

What is the space surrounding the sinusoids of the liver called? What does it contain?

A

Space of Disse, contains collagen, fibrin and stellate cells

37
Q

Why are liver lobules split into zones?

A

Based on distance from portal triad

Zone 3 is furthest from blood supply and closest to central vein so more susceptible to hypoxia

38
Q

How do you identify the endocrine parts of the pancreas?

A

Islet of langerhans stain more paley

39
Q

What are the main functions of zone 1 hepatocytes?

A

Gluconeogenesis, B-oxidation of fatty acids, bile acid secretion

40
Q

Where in the liver does paracetamol injury and alcohol induced fibrosis occur?

A

Zone 3

41
Q

What is the function of most of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine secretions of digestive proenzymes- pancreatic lipase, DNase, trypsinogen, elastase etc

42
Q

How do you identify the endocrine parts of the pancreas?

A

Islet of langerhans stain more paley

43
Q

What are trefoil factors?

A

Proteins that aid barrier repair and would healing

44
Q

What cells are found above peyer’s patches?

A

M-cells (microfold cells)

Transport proteins, viruses and bacteria from gut lumen to antigen presenting cells in basal layer

45
Q

Name the 2 lines that reflect a change in the epithelium in the rectum and anal canal

A

Dentate/pectinate line and Hilton’s white line

46
Q

Function of anal sinuses

A

Secrete mucus, found just above anal valves

47
Q

What is the dentate line also called? What does it signify?

A

Pectinate line
Divides the upper two thirds and lower third of the anal canal. Developmentally, this line represents the hindgut-proctodeum junction (non kerat->kerat st sq epithelium)

48
Q

What is Hilton’s white line?

A

Hilton’s white line is slightly below the pectinate line, a landmark for the intermuscular border between internal and external anal sphincter muscles.

49
Q

What is the innervation of each anal sphincter?

A 
Internal= pelvic splanchnic nerves (S4) symp+parasym
External= S4 + pudendal nerve
50
Q

Describe the parts of the GI tract with ‘abnormal’ muscularis externa

A 
Oesophagus= longitudinal only
Stomach= inner oblique->circular->outerlongitudinal
51
Q

Describe the parts of the GI tract with ‘abnormal’ muscularis externa

A 
Oesophagus= longitudinal only
Stomach= inner oblique->circular->outerlongitudinal
52
Q

What can enteroendocrine cells produce? Where are they secreted?

A

Glucagon, somatostatin, serotonin, substance P, histamine, gastrin, CCK, GIP, VIP, neurotensin, secretin
Secreted into lamina propria

53
Q

What do chief cells produce?

A

Pepsinogen, renin and gastric lipase

54
Q

Name the 2 lines that reflect a change in the epithelium in the rectum and anal canal

A

Dentate/pectinate line and Hilton’s white line

55
Q

What do chief cells produce?

A

Pepsinogen, renin and gastric lipase

56
Q

How do you tell if glands are mucous or serous secreting?

A

Mucous is lightly stained, serous is darkly stained

57
Q

What 4 vessels are you looking for in a liver slide?

A

Hepatic portal vein, bile duct and hepatic artery = triad

Central vein

58
Q

Cell type of gall bladder wall?

A

Simple columnar with abundant microvilli

59
Q

Cell type of gall bladder wall?

A

Simple columnar with abundant microvilli

60
Q

Risk factors for gall stones?

A

Fat, fair, forty, fertile, female

61
Q

What stains basophilic in pancreatic exocrine cells?

A

The zymogen granules near the nucleus

62
Q

What is the function of exocrine pancreatic secretions?

A

Enzyme rich alkaline fluid to digest proteins, carbs, lipids and nucleic acids

63
Q

How can gallstones cause pancreatitis?

A

Bile duct goes through pancreas and pancreatic duct and bile duct meet, could obstruct both with gall stones

64
Q

Whats the most common cause of pancreatitis?

A

Excessive alcohol consumption

65
Q

What do the endocrine cells of the pancreas produce?

A 
ß cells- insulin
α cells- glucagon
∂ cells- somatostatin
G cells- gastrin
PP cells- pancreatic polypeptide
66
Q

How are the hepatocytes separated from thr sinusoidal lining cells?

A

By the perisinusoidal space= space of Disse

67
Q

What are the macrophages of the liver called?

A

Kupffer cells

Year 2 Histology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions